966
The
CIA continues a limited number of
MKULTRA plans by beginning Project
MKSEARCH to develop and test ways of
using biological, chemical and
radioactive materials in intelligence
operations, and also to develop and test
drugs that are able to produce
predictable changes in human behavior
and physiology (Goliszek).
Dr.
Henry Beecher writes, "The well-being,
the health, even the actual or potential
life of all
human beings, born or unborn, depend
upon the continuing experimentation in
man. Proceed it must; proceed it will.
'The proper study of mankind is man,'"
in his "exposé" on
human medical experimentation
Research and the Individual ("Human
Experimentation: Before the Nazi Era and
After").
U.S.
Army scientists drop light bulbs filled
with Bacillus subtilis through
ventilation gates and into the
New York City subway system,
exposing more than one million civilians
to the bacteria (Goliszek).
The
National Commission for the Protection
of Research Subjects issues its Policies
for the Protection of Human Subjects,
which eventually creates what we now
know as institutional review boards (IRBs)
(Sharav).
(1967)
Continuing on his Dow Chemical
Company-sponsored dioxin study without
the company's knowledge or consent,
University of Pennsylvania Professor
Albert Kligman increases the dosage of
dioxin he applies to 10 prisoners' skin
to 7,500 micrograms, 468 times the
dosage Dow official Gerald K. Rowe had
authorized him to administer. As a
result, the prisoners experience
acne lesions that develop into
inflammatory pustules and papules (Kaye).
The
CIA places a chemical in the
drinking water supply of the FDA
headquarters in Washington, D.C. to see
whether it is possible to spike drinking
water with LSD and other substances
(Cockburn
and St. Clair, eds.).
In a
study published in the Journal of
Clinical Investigation, researchers
inject
pregnant women with radioactive
cortisol to see if the radioactive
material will cross the placentas and
affect the fetuses (Goliszek).
The
U.S. Army pays Professor Kligman to
apply skin-blistering
chemicals to Holmesburg Prison
inmates' faces and backs, so as to, in
Professor Kligman's words, "learn how
the skin protects itself against chronic
assault from
toxic chemicals, the so-called
hardening process," information which
would have both offensive and defensive
applications for the U.S. military (Kaye).
The
CIA and Edgewood Arsenal Research
Laboratories begin an extensive program
for developing drugs that can influence
human behavior. This program
includes Project OFTEN -- which studies
the toxicology, transmission and
behavioral effects of drugs in animal
and human subjects -- and Project
CHICKWIT, which gathers European and
Asian drug development information
(Goliszek).
Professor Kligman develops Retin-A as an
acne cream (and eventually a wrinkle
cream), turning him into a
multi-millionaire (Kaye).
Researchers paralyze 64 prison inmates
in California with a neuromuscular
compound called succinylcholine, which
produces suppressed breathing that feels
similar to drowning. When five prisoners
refuse to participate in the medical
experiment, the prison's special
treatment board gives researchers
permission to inject the prisoners with
the drug against their will (Greger).
(1968)
Planned Parenthood of San Antonio and
South Central Texas and the Southwest
Foundation for Research and Education
begin an oral contraceptive study on 70
poverty-stricken Mexican-American women,
giving only half the oral contraceptives
they think they are receiving and the
other half a
placebo. When the results of this
study are released a few years later, it
stirs tremendous controversy among
Mexican-Americans (Sharav,
Sauter).
(1969)
President Nixon ends the United States'
offensive biowarfare program, including
human experimentation done at Fort
Detrick. By this time, tens of thousands
of civilians and members of the U.S.
armed forces have wittingly and
unwittingly acted as participants in
experiments involving exposure to
dangerous biological agents (Goliszek).
The
U.S.
military conducts DTC Test 69-12,
which is an open-air test of VX and
sarin nerve agents at the Army's
Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland, likely
exposing military personnel (Goliszek,
Martin).
Experimental drugs are tested on
mentally disabled children in
Milledgeville, Ga., without any
institutional approval whatsoever (Sharav).
Dr.
Donald MacArthur, the U.S. Department of
Defense's Deputy Director for Research
and Technology, requests $10 million
from Congress to develop a synthetic
biological agent that would be resistant
"to the immunological and therapeutic
processes upon which we depend to
maintain our relative freedom from
infectious disease" (Cockburn
and St. Clair, eds.).
Judge
Sam Steinfield's dissent in Strunk
v. Strunk, 445 S.W.2d 145 marks the
first time a judge has ever suggested
that the Nuremberg Code be applied in
American court cases (Sharav).
(1970)
A year
after his request, under H.R. 15090, Dr.
MacArthur receives funding to begin
CIA-supervised mycoplasma research with
Fort Detrick's Special Operations
Division and hopefully create a
synthetic immunosuppressive agent. Some
experts believe that this research may
have inadvertently created
HIV, the virus that causes
AIDS (Goliszek).
Under
order from the
National Institutes of Health (NIH),
which also sponsored the Tuskegee
Experiment, the free childcare program
at Johns Hopkins University collects
blood samples from 7,000
African-American youth, telling their
parents that they are checking for
anemia but actually checking for an
extra Y chromosome (XYY), believed to be
a biological predisposition to crime.
The program director, Digamber
Borganokar, does this experiment without
Johns Hopkins University's permission (Greger,
Merritte, et al.).
(1971)
President Nixon converts Fort Detrick
from an offensive biowarfare lab to the
Frederick Cancer Research and
Development Center, now known as the
National Cancer Institute at Frederick.
In addition to
cancer research, scientists study
virology, immunology and retrovirology
(including HIV) there. Additionally, the
site is home to the U.S. Army Medical
Research Institute, which researches
drugs,
vaccines and countermeasures for
biological
warfare, so the former Fort Detrick
does not move far away from its
biowarfare past (Goliszek).
Stanford University conducts the
Stanford Prison Experiment on a group of
college students in order to learn the
psychology of prison life. Some students
are given the role as prison guards,
while the others are given the role of
prisoners. After only six days, the
proposed two-week study has to end
because of its psychological effects on
the participants. The "guards" had begun
to act sadistic, while the "prisoners"
started to show signs of depression and
severe psychological stress (University
of New Hampshire).
An
article entitled "Viral Infections in
Man Associated with Acquired
Immunological Deficiency States" appears
in Federation Proceedings. Dr.
MacArthur and Fort Detrick's Special
Operations Division have, at this point,
been conducting mycoplasma research to
create a synthetic immunosuppressive
agent for about one year, again
suggesting that this research may have
produced HIV (Goliszek).
(1972)
In
studies sponsored by the U.S. Air Force,
Dr. Amedeo Marrazzi gives LSD to mental
patients at the University of Missouri
Institute of Psychiatry and the
University of Minnesota Hospital to
study "ego strength" (Barker).
(1973)
An
Ad Hoc Advisory Panel issues its
Final Report on the Tuskegee Syphilis
Study, writing, "Society can no longer
afford to leave the balancing of
individual rights against scientific
progress to the scientific community" (Sharav).
(1974)
Congress enacts the National Research
Act, creating the National Commission
for the Protection of Human Subjects of
Biomedical and Behavioral Research and
finally setting standards for human
experimentation on children (Breslow).
(1975)
The
Department of Health, Education and
Welfare gives the National Institutes of
Health's Policies for the Protection of
Human Subjects (1966) regulatory status.
Title 45, known as "The Common Rule,"
officially creates institutional review
boards (IRBs) (Sharav).
(1977)
The
Kennedy Hearing initiates the process
toward Executive Order 12333,
prohibiting
intelligence agencies from
experimenting on humans without informed
consent (Merritte,
et al.).
The
U.S. government issues an official
apology and $400,000 to Jeanne Connell,
the sole survivor from Col. Warren's
now-infamous plutonium injections at
Strong Memorial Hospital, and the
families of the other human test
subjects (Burton
Report).
The
National Urban League holds its National
Conference on Human Experimentation,
stating, "We don't want to kill science
but we don't want science to kill,
mangle and abuse us" (Sharav).
(1978)
The
CDC begins experimental
hepatitis B vaccine trials in
New York. Its ads for research
subjects specifically ask for
promiscuous homosexual men. Professor
Wolf Szmuness of the Columbia University
School of Public Health had made the
vaccine's infective serum from the
pooled blood serum of hepatitis-infected
homosexuals and then developed it in
chimpanzees, the only animal
susceptible to
hepatitis B, leading to the theory
that HIV originated in chimpanzees
before being transferred over to humans
via this vaccine. A few months after
1,083 homosexual men receive the
vaccine, New York physicians begin
noticing cases of Kaposi's sarcoma,
Mycoplasma penetrans and a new
strain of herpes virus among New York's
homosexual community -- diseases not
usually seen among young, American men,
but that would later be known as common
opportunistic diseases associated with
AIDS (Goliszek).
(1979)
The
National Commission for the Protection
of Human Subjects of Biomedical and
Behavioral Research releases the Belmont
Report, which establishes the
foundations for research experimentation
on humans. The Belmont Report mandates
that researchers follow three basic
principles: 1. Respect the subjects as
autonomous persons and protect those
with limited ability for independence
(such as children), 2. Do no harm, 3.
Choose test subjects justly -- being
sure not to target certain groups
because of they are easily accessible or
easily manipulated, rather than for
reasons directly related to the tests (Berdon).
(1980)
A
study reveals a high incidence of
leukemia among the 18,000 military
personnel who participated in 1957's
Operation Plumbbob (a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_...
Plumbob").
According to blood samples tested years
later for HIV, 20 percent of all New
York homosexual men who participated in
the 1978 hepatitis B vaccine experiment
are HIV-positive by this point
(Goliszek).
American
http://www.naturalnews.com/doctors.html...
give experimental hormone shots to
hundreds of Haitian men confined to
detention camps in Miami and Puerto
Rico, causing the men to develop a
condition known as gynecomastia, in
which men develop full-sized breasts (Cockburn'
target='_blank'>http://www.counterpunch.org/germwar.htm...
and St. Clair, eds.).
The
CDC continues its 1978 hepatitis B
vaccine experiment in Los Angeles,
http://www.naturalnews.com/San_Francisc...
Francisco, Chicago, St. Louis and
Denver, recruiting over 7,000 homosexual
men in San Francisco alone (Goliszek).
The
FDA prohibits the use of prison inmates
in pharmaceutical
http://www.naturalnews.com/drug_trials....
trials, leading to the advent of the
experimental
http://www.naturalnews.com/drug_testing...
testing centers industry (Sharav'
target='_blank'>http://www.ahrp.org/history/chronology....).
The
first AIDS case appears in San Francisco
(Goliszek).
(1981)
(1981
- 1993) The Seattle-based Genetic
Systems Corporation begins an ongoing
medical experiment called Protocol No.
126, in which
http://www.naturalnews.com/cancer.html>...
patients at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer
Research Center in Seattle are given
http://www.naturalnews.com/bone_marrow....
marrow transplants that contain eight
experimental proteins made by Genetic
Systems, rather than standard bone
marrow transplants; 19 human subjects
die from complications directly related
to the experimental treatment
(Goliszek).
A deep
diving experiment at Duke University
causes test subject Leonard Whitlock to
suffer permanent brain damage (Sharav'
target='_blank'>http://www.ahrp.org/history/chronology....).
The
CDC acknowledges that a disease known as
AIDS exists and confirms 26 cases of the
disease -- all in previously healthy
homosexuals living in New York, San
Francisco and Los Angeles -- again
supporting the speculation that AIDS
originated from the hepatitis B
experiments from 1978 and 1980
(Goliszek).
(1982)
Thirty
percent of the test subjects used in the
CDC's hepatitis B vaccine experiment are
HIV-positive by this point (Goliszek).
(1984)
SFBC
Phase I research clinic founded in
Miami, Fla. By 2005, it would become the
largest experimental drug testing center
in North
http://www.naturalnews.com/America.html...
with centers in Miami and Montreal,
running Phase I to Phase IV clinical
trials (Drug'
target='_blank'>http://www.drugdevelopment-technology.c...
Development-Technology.com).
(1985)
A
former U.S. Army sergeant tries to sue
the Army for using drugs on him in
without his consent or even his
knowledge in
http://www.naturalnews.com/United_State...
States v. Stanley, 483 U.S. 669.
Justice Antonin Scalia writes the
decision, clearing the U.S. military
from any liability in past, present or
future
http://www.naturalnews.com/medical_expe...
experiments without informed consent (Merritte,'
target='_blank'>http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lawonline/...
et al..
(1987)
Philadelphia resident Doris Jackson
discovers that researchers have removed
her son's brain post mortem for
medical study. She later learns that the
state of Pennsylvania has a doctrine of
"implied consent," meaning that unless a
patient signs a document stating
otherwise, consent for organ removal is
automatically implied (Merritte,'
target='_blank'>http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lawonline/...
et al.).
(1988)
The
U.S. Justice Department pays nine
Canadian survivors of the
http://www.naturalnews.com/CIA.html>CIA
and Dr. Cameron's "psychic driving"
experiments (1957 - 1964) $750,000 in
out-of-court settlements, to avoid any
further investigations into MKULTRA
(Goliszek).
(1988
- 2001) The New York City Administration
for Children's Services begins allowing
foster care children living in about two
dozen children's homes to be used in
National Institutes of Health-sponsored
(NIH) experimental AIDS drug trials.
These children -- totaling 465 by the
program's end -- experience serious side
effects, including inability to walk,
diarrhea, vomiting, swollen joints and
cramps. Children's home
http://www.naturalnews.com/employees.ht...
are unaware that they are giving the
HIV-infected children
http://www.naturalnews.com/experimental...
drugs, rather than standard AIDS
treatments (New'
target='_blank'>http://www.nyc.gov/html/acs/html/pr/pr0...
York City ACS,
Doran'
target='_blank'>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/t...).
(1990)
The
United States sends 1.7 million members
of the armed forces, 22 percent of whom
are African-American, to the Persian
Gulf for the
http://www.naturalnews.com/Gulf_War.htm...
War ("Desert Storm"). More than 400,000
of these soldiers are ordered to take an
experimental nerve agent
http://www.naturalnews.com/medication.h...
called pyridostigmine, which is later
believed to be the cause of Gulf War
Syndrome -- symptoms ranging from skin
disorders, neurological disorders,
incontinence, uncontrollable drooling
and vision problems -- affecting Gulf
War veterans (Goliszek;
Merritte,'
target='_blank'>http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lawonline/...
et al.).
The
CDC and Kaiser Pharmaceuticals of
Southern California inject 1,500
six-month-old black and Hispanic babies
in Los Angeles with an "experimental"
measles vaccine that had never been
licensed for use in the United States.
Adding to the risk, children less than a
year old may not have an adequate amount
of myelin around their nerves, possibly
resulting in impaired neural development
because of the vaccine. The CDC later
admits that parents were never informed
that the vaccine being injected into
their children was experimental
(Goliszek).
The
FDA allows the U.S. Department of
Defense to waive the Nuremberg Code and
use unapproved drugs and vaccines in
Operation Desert Shield (Sharav'
target='_blank'>http://www.ahrp.org/history/chronology....).
(1991)
In the
May 27 issue of the Los Angeles
Times, former U.S. Navy radio
operator Richard Jenkins writes that he
suffers from
http://www.naturalnews.com/leukemia.htm...,
chronic fatigue and kidney and liver
disease as a result of the radiation
exposure he received in 1958's Operation
Hardtack (Goliszek).
While
participating in a UCLA study that
withdraws schizophrenics off of their
http://www.naturalnews.com/medications....,
Tony LaMadrid commits suicide (Sharav'
target='_blank'>http://www.ahrp.org/history/chronology....).
(1992)
Columbia University's New York State
Psychiatric Institute and the Mount
Sinai School of Medicine give 100 males
-- mostly African-American and Hispanic,
all between the ages of six and 10 and
all the younger brothers of juvenile
delinquents -- 10 milligrams of
fenfluramine (fen-fen) per kilogram of
body weight in order to test the theory
that low serotonin levels are linked to
violent or aggressive behavior. Parents
of the participants received $125 each,
including a $25 Toys 'R' Us gift
certificate (Goliszek).
(1993)
Researchers at the West Haven VA in
Connecticut give 27 schizophrenics -- 12
inpatients and 15 functioning volunteers
-- a chemical called MCPP that
significantly increases their psychotic
symptoms and, as researchers note,
negatively affects the test subjects on
a long-term basis ("Testimony'
target='_blank'>http://www.house.gov/va/hearings/schedu...
of Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.").
(1994)
In a
double-blind experiment at New York VA
Hospital, researchers take 23
schizophrenic inpatients off of their
medications for a median of 30 days.
They then give 17 of them 0.5 mg/kg
amphetamine and six a placebo as a
control, following up with PET scans at
Brookhaven Laboratories. According to
the researchers, the purpose of the
experiment was "to specifically evaluate
metabolic effects in subjects with
varying degrees of amphetamine-induced
psychotic exacerbation" ("Testimony'
target='_blank'>http://www.house.gov/va/hearings/schedu...
of Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.").
Albuquerque Tribune
reporter Eileen Welsome receives a
Pulitzer Prize for her investigative
reporting into Col. Warren's plutonium
experiments on patients at Strong
Memorial Hospital in 1945 (Burton'
target='_blank'>http://www.burtonreport.com/InfForensic...
Report).
In a
federally funded experiment at New York
VA Medical Center, researchers give
schizophrenic
http://www.naturalnews.com/veterans.htm...
amphetamine, even though central
http://www.naturalnews.com/nervous_syst...
system stimulants worsen psychotic
symptoms in 40 percent of schizophrenics
("Testimony'
target='_blank'>http://www.house.gov/va/hearings/schedu...
of Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.").
Researchers at Bronx VA Medical Center
recruit 28 schizophrenic veterans who
are functioning in society and give them
L-dopa in order to deliberately induce
psychotic relapse ("Testimony'
target='_blank'>http://www.house.gov/va/hearings/schedu...
of Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.").
President Clinton appoints the Advisory
Commission on Human Radiation
Experiments (ACHRE), which finally
reveals the horrific experiments
conducted during the Cold War era in its
ACHRE'
target='_blank'>http://www.eh.doe.gov/ohre/roadmap/achr...
Report.
(1995)
A
19-year-old University of Rochester
student named Nicole Wan dies from
participating in an MIT-sponsored
experiment that tests airborne pollutant
chemicals on humans. The experiment pays
$150 to human test subjects (Sharav'
target='_blank'>http://www.ahrp.org/history/chronology....).
In the
Mar. 15 President's Advisory Committee
on Human Radiation Experiments (ACHRE),
former human subjects, including those
who were used in experiments as
children, give sworn testimonies stating
that they were subjected to radiation
experiments and/or brainwashed,
hypnotized, drugged, psychologically
tortured, threatened and even raped
during CIA experiments. These sworn
statements include:
-
Christina DeNicola's statement that,
in Tucson, Ariz., from 1966 to 1976,
"Dr. B" performed mind control
experiments using drugs,
post-hypnotic injection and drama,
and irradiation experiments on her
neck, throat, chest and uterus. She
was only four years old when the
experiments started.
-
Claudia Mullen's testimony that Dr.
Sidney Gottlieb (of MKULTRA fame)
used chemicals, radiation, hypnosis,
drugs, isolation in tubs of water,
sleep deprivation, electric shock,
brainwashing and emotional, sexual
and verbal abuse as part of mind
control experiments that had the
ultimate objective of turning her,
who was only a child at the time,
into the "perfect spy." She tells
the advisory committee that
researchers justified this abuse by
telling her that she was serving her
country "in their bold effort to
fight Communism."
-
Suzanne Starr's statement that "a
physician, who was retired from the
military, got children from the
mountains of Colorado for
experiments." She says she was one
of those children and that she was
the victim of experiments involving
environmental deprivation to the
point of forced psychosis, spin
programming, injections, rape and
frequent electroshock and mind
control sessions. "I have fought
self-destructive programmed messages
to kill myself, and I know what a
programmed message is, and I don’t
act on them," she tells the advisory
committee of the experiments'
long-lasting effects, even in her
adulthood (Goliszek).
President Clinton publicly apologizes to
the thousands of people who were victims
of MKULTRA and other mind-control
experimental programs (Sharav'
target='_blank'>http://www.ahrp.org/history/chronology....).
In Dr.
Daniel P. van Kammen's study,
"Behavioral vs. Biochemical Prediction
of Clinical Stability Following
Haloperidol Withdrawal in
Schizophrenia," researchers recruit 88
veterans who are stabilized by their
medications enough to make them
functional in society, and hospitalize
them for eight to 10 weeks. During this
time, the researchers stop giving the
veterans the medications that are
enabling them to live in society,
placing them back on a two- to four-week
regimen of the standard dose of Haldol.
Then, the veterans are "washed-out,"
given lumbar punctures and put under
six-week observation to see who would
relapse and suffer symptomatic
http://www.naturalnews.com/schizophreni...
once again; 50 percent do ("Testimony'
target='_blank'>http://www.house.gov/va/hearings/schedu...
of Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.").
President Clinton appoints the National
Bioethics Advisory Committee (Sharav'
target='_blank'>http://www.ahrp.org/history/chronology....).
Justice Edward Greenfield of the New
York State Supreme Court rules that
parents do not have the right to
volunteer their mentally incapacitated
children for non-therapeutic
http://www.naturalnews.com/medical_rese...
research studies and that no mentally
incapacitated person whatsoever can be
used in a medical experiment without
informed consent (Sharav'
target='_blank'>http://www.ahrp.org/history/chronology....).
(1996)
Professor Adil E. Shamoo of the
University of Maryland and the
organization Citizens for Responsible
Care and Research sends a written
testimony on the unethical use of
veterans in medical research to the U.S.
Senate's Committee on Governmental
Affairs, stating: "This type of research
is on-going nationwide in medical
centers and VA
http://www.naturalnews.com/hospitals.ht...
supported by tens of millions of dollars
of taxpayers money. These experiments
are high risk and are abusive, causing
not only physical and psychic harm to
the most vulnerable groups but also
degrading our society’s system of basic
human values. Probably tens of thousands
of patients are being subjected to such
experiments" ("Testimony'
target='_blank'>http://www.house.gov/va/hearings/schedu...
of Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.").
The
Department of Defense admits that Gulf
War soldiers were exposed to chemical
agents; however, 33 percent of all
military personnel afflicted with Gulf
War Syndrome never left the United
States during the war, discrediting the
popular mainstream belief that these
symptoms are a result of exposure to
Iraqi chemical weapons (Merritte,'
target='_blank'>http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lawonline/...
et al.).
In a
federally funded experiment at West
Haven VA in Connecticut, Yale University
researchers give schizophrenic veterans
amphetamine, even though central nervous
system stimulants worsen psychotic
symptoms in 40 percent of schizophrenics
("Testimony'
target='_blank'>http://www.house.gov/va/hearings/schedu...
of Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.").
President Clinton issues a formal
apology to the subjects of the Tuskegee
Syphilis Study and their families (Sharav'
target='_blank'>http://www.ahrp.org/history/chronology....).
(1997)
In
order to expose unethical medical
experiments that provoke psychotic
relapse in schizophrenic patients, the
Boston Globe publishes a
four-part series entitled "Doing Harm:
Research on the Mentally Ill" (Sharav'
target='_blank'>http://www.ahrp.org/history/chronology....).
Researchers give 26 veterans at a VA
http://www.naturalnews.com/hospital.htm...
a chemical called Yohimbine to purposely
induce post-traumatic stress disorder ("Testimony'
target='_blank'>http://www.house.gov/va/hearings/schedu...
of Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.").
In
order to create a "psychosis model,"
University of Cincinnati researchers
give 16 schizophrenic patients at
Cincinnati VA amphetamine in order to
provoke repeats bouts of psychosis and
eventually produce "behavioral
sensitization" (Sharav'
target='_blank'>http://www.ahrp.org/history/chronology....).
National Institutes of Mental Health
(NIMH) researchers give schizophrenic
veterans amphetamine, even though
central nervous system stimulants worsen
psychotic symptoms in 40 percent of
schizophrenics ("Testimony'
target='_blank'>http://www.house.gov/va/hearings/schedu...
of Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.").
In an
experiment sponsored by the U.S.
government, researchers withhold medical
treatment from HIV-positive
African-American pregnant women, giving
them a placebo rather than AIDS
medication (Sharav'
target='_blank'>http://www.ahrp.org/history/chronology....).
Researchers give amphetamine to 13
schizophrenic patients in a repetition
of the 1994 "amphetamine challenge" at
New York VA Hospital. As a result, the
patients experience psychosis, delusions
and hallucinations. The researchers
claim to have informed consent ("Testimony'
target='_blank'>http://www.house.gov/va/hearings/schedu...
of Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.").
On
Sept. 18, victims of unethical medical
experiments at major U.S. research
centers, including the National
Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH)
testify before the National Bioethics
Advisory Committee (Sharav'
target='_blank'>http://www.ahrp.org/history/chronology....).
(1999)
Adil
E. Shamoo, Ph.D. testifies on "The
Unethical Use of Human Beings in
High-Risk Research Experiments" before
the U.S. House of Representatives' House
Committee on Veterans' Affairs, alerting
the House on the use of American
veterans in VA Hospitals as human guinea
pigs and calling for national reforms ("Testimony'
target='_blank'>http://www.house.gov/va/hearings/schedu...
of Adil E. Shamoo, Ph.D.").
Doctors at the University of
Pennsylvania inject 18-year-old Jesse
Gelsinger with an experimental gene
therapy as part of an FDA-approved
clinical trial. He dies four days later
and his father suspects that he was not
fully informed of the experiment's risk
(Goliszek)
During
a clinical trial investigating the
effectiveness of Propulsid for infant
acid reflux, nine-month-old Gage Stevens
dies at Children's Hospital in
Pittsburgh (Sharav'
target='_blank'>http://www.ahrp.org/history/chronology....).
(2000)
The
Department of Defense begins
declassifying the records of Project
112, including SHAD, and locating and
assisting the veterans who were exposed
to live
http://www.naturalnews.com/toxins.html>...
and chemical agents as part of Project
112. Many of them have already died
(Goliszek).
President Clinton authorizes the Energy
Employees Occupational Illness
Compensation Act, which compensates the
Department of Energy workers who
sacrificed their health to build the
United States' nuclear defenses (Sharav'
target='_blank'>http://www.ahrp.org/history/chronology....).
The
U.S. Air Force and rocket maker Lockheed
Martin sponsor a Loma Linda University
study that pays 100 Californians $1,000
to eat a dose of
http://www.naturalnews.com/perchlorate....
-- a toxic component of rocket fuel that
causes cancer, damages the thyroid gland
and hinders normal development in
children and fetuses -- every day for
six months. The dose eaten by the test
subjects is 83 times the safe dose of
perchlorate set by the State of
California, which has perchlorate in
some of its drinking water. This Loma
Linda study is the first large-scale
study to use human subjects to test the
harmful effects of a water pollutant and
is "inherently unethical," according to
http://www.naturalnews.com/Environmenta...
Working Group research director Richard
Wiles (Goliszek,
Envirnomental'
target='_blank'>http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id...
Working Group).
(2001)
Healthy 27-year-old Ellen
http://www.naturalnews.com/Roche.html>Roche
dies in a challenge study at Johns
Hopkins University in Maryland (Sharav'
target='_blank'>http://www.ahrp.org/history/chronology....).
On its
website,
http://www.naturalnews.com/the_FDA.html>the
FDA admits that its policy to include
healthy children in human experiments
"has led to an increasing number of
proposals for studies of safety and
pharmacokinetics, including those in
children who do not have the condition
for which the drug is intended"
(Goliszek).
During
a tobacco industry-financed Alzheimer's
experiment at Case Western University in
Cleveland, Elaine Holden-Able dies after
she drinks a glass of orange juice
containing a dissolved dietary
supplement (Sharav'
target='_blank'>http://www.ahrp.org/history/chronology....).
Radiologist Scott Scheer of Pennsylvania
dies from kidney failure, severe anemia
and possibly lupus -- all caused by
blood pressure drugs he was taking as
part of a five-year clinical trial.
After his death, his family sues the
Institutional Review Board of Main Line
Hospitals, the hospital that oversaw the
study, and two doctors. Investigators
from the federal Office for Human
Research Protections, which is part of
the Department of Health and Human
Services, later conclude in a Dec. 20,
2002 letter to Scheer's oldest daughter:
"Your father apparently was not told
about the risk of hydralazine-induced
lupus … OHRP found that certain
unanticipated problems involving risks
to subjects or others were not promptly
reported to appropriate institutional
officials" (Willen'
target='_blank'>http://www.wsws.org/articles/2002/oct20...
and Evans, "Doctor Who Died in Drug Test
Was Betrayed by System He Trusted.")
In
Higgins and Grimes v. Kennedy Krieger
Institute The Maryland Court of
Appeals makes a landmark decision
regarding the use of children as test
subjects, prohibiting non-therapeutic
experimentation on children on the basis
of "best interest of the individual
child" (Sharav'
target='_blank'>http://www.ahrp.org/history/chronology....).
(2002)
President George W. Bush signs the Best
Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (BPCA),
offering pharmaceutical companies
six-month exclusivity in exchange for
running clinical drug trials on
children. This will of course increase
the number of children used as human
test subjects (Hammer'
target='_blank'>http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/org...
Breslow).
(2003)
Two-year-old Michael Daddio of Delaware
dies of congestive
http://www.naturalnews.com/heart_failur...
failure. After his death, his parents
learn that doctors had performed an
experimental surgery on him when he was
five months old, rather than using the
established surgical method of repairing
his congenital heart defect that the
parents had been told would be
performed. The established procedure has
a 90- to 95-percent success rate,
whereas the inventor of the procedure
performed on baby Daddio would later be
fired from his hospital in 2004 (Willen'
target='_blank'>http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=...
and Evans, "Parents of Babies Who Died
in Delaware Tests Weren't Warned").
(2004)
In his
BBC documentary "Guinea Pig Kids" and
BBC News article of the same name,
reporter Jamie Doran reveals that
children involved in the New York City
foster care system were unwitting human
subjects in experimental AIDS drug
trials from 1988 to, in his belief,
present times (Doran'
target='_blank'>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/t...).
(2005)
In
response to the BBC documentary and
article
"Guinea'
target='_blank'>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/t...
Pig Kids", the New York City
Administration of Children's Services (http://www.naturalnews.com/ACS.html>ACS)
sends out an Apr. 22 press release
admitting that foster care children were
used in experimental AIDS drug trials,
but says that the last trial took place
in 2001 and thus the trials are not
continuing, as BBC reporter Jamie Doran
claims. The ACS gives the extent and
statistics of the experimental drug
trials, based on its own records, and
contracts the Vera Institute of Justice
to conduct "an independent review of ACS
policy and practice regarding the
enrollment of HIV-positive children in
foster care in clinical drug trials
during the late 1980s and 1990s" (New'
target='_blank'>http://www.nyc.gov/html/acs/html/pr/pr0...
York City ACS).
In
exchange for receiving $2 million from
the American Chemical Society,
http://www.naturalnews.com/the_EPA.html>the
EPA proposes the Children's Health
Environmental Exposure Research Study
(CHEERS) to learn how children ranging
from infancy to three years old ingest,
inhale and absorb chemicals by exposing
children from a poor, predominantly
black area of Duval County, Fla., to
these toxins. Due to pressure from
activist groups, negative media coverage
and two Democratic senators, the
http://www.naturalnews.com/EPA.html>EPA
eventually decides to drop the study on
Apr. 8, 2005 (Organic'
target='_blank'>http://www.organicconsumers.org/epa-ale...
Consumers Association).
Bloomberg releases a series of reports
suggesting that SFBC, the largest
experimental drug testing center of its
time, exploits immigrant and other
low-income test subjects and runs tests
with limited credibility due to
violations of both the FDA's and SFBC's
own testing guidelines (Bloomberg'
target='_blank'>http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=...).
Works Cited:
Alliance
for Human Research Protection.
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Experiment' Taught Orphans to Stutter.".
June 11, 2001.
Barker,
Allen. "The Cold War Experiments."
Mind' target='_blank'>http://www.datafilter.com/mc/coldWarExp...
Control.
Berdon,
Victoria. "Codes of Medical and Human
Experimentation Ethics."
The' target='_blank'>http://wisdomtools.com/poynter/codes.ht...
Least of My Brothers.
Brinker,
Wendy. "James Marion Sims: Father
Butcher."
Seed' target='_blank'>http://www.seedshow.com/jmsims.htm">Seed
Show.
Burton
Report.
"Human' target='_blank'>http://www.burtonreport.com/InfForensic...
Experimentation, Plutonium and Col.
Stafford Warren."
Cockburn,
Alexander and Jeffrey St. Clair, eds.
"Germ War: The U.S. Record."
Counter' target='_blank'>http://www.counterpunch.org/germwar.htm...
Punch.
"Donald
Ewan [sic] Cameron."
Wikipedia.
Doran,
Jamie. "Guinea Pig Kids."
BBC' target='_blank'>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/t...
News. 30 Nov. 2004.
Drug
Development-Technology.com.
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Elliston,
Jon. "MKULTRA: CIA Mind Control."
Dossier:' target='_blank'>http://www.parascope.com/ds/mkultra0.ht...
Paranormal Government.
Environmental Working Group. "U.S.:
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CorpWatch' target='_blank'>http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id....
Global
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Corps. 2005.
Goliszek,
Andrew. In the Name of Science.
New York: St. Martin's, 2003.
Greger,
Michael, M.D.
Heart'
target='_blank'>http://upalumni.org/medschool/appendice...
Failure: Diary of a Third Year Medical
Student.
Griffiths, Joel and Chris Bryson. "Toxic
Secrets: Fluoride and the Atom Bomb."
Nexus'
target='_blank'>http://www.nexusmagazine.com/articles/f...
Magazine 5:3. Apr. - May 1998.
Hammer
Breslow, Lauren. "The Best
Pharmaceuticals for Children Act of
2002: The Rise of the Voluntary
Incentive Structure and Congressional
Refusal to Require Pediatric Testing."
Harvard'
target='_blank'>http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/org...
Journal of Legislation Vol. 40.
"Human
Experimentation: Before the Nazi Era and
After."
Micah'
target='_blank'>http://www.micahbooks.com/readingroom/h...
Books.
Kaye,
Jonathan. "Retin-A's Wrinkled Past."
Mind'
target='_blank'>http://www.datafilter.com/mc/c_retinAwr...
Control. Orig. pub. Penn History
Review Spring 1997.
"Manhattan Project: Oak Ridge."
World'
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Socialist Web Site. Oct. 18, 2002.
Meiklejohn, Gordon N., M.D. "Commission
on Influenza."
Histories'
target='_blank'>http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs...
of the Commissions. Ed. Theodore E.
Woodward, M.D. The Armed Forced
Epidemiological Board. 1994.
Merritte,
LaTasha, et al.. "The Banality
of Evil: Human Medical Experimentation
in the United States."
The'
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Public Law Online Journal. Spring
1999.
Milgram,
Stanley. "Milgram Experiment."
Wikipedia'
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New York
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release. 22 Apr. 2005.
"Operation Plumbbob."
Wikipedia'
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2005.
"Operation Whitecoat."
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