ll of a sudden, it seems, millions of American children are said to be afflicted with mental illnesses.  And they’re being put on strong medications—over periods of years—as treatment.  Isn’t it time we stopped and looked at what the mental health establishment is getting us to do to our children?

Overview

As we navigate our way into the 21st century, there is an ominous trend that, strangely, doesn't seem to concern people as much as it should:  Millions of children are now taking psychotropic drugs. And they're not doing it illegally, but by prescription. In fact, the medical and educational establishments are conducting a skyrocketing campaign to get kids, and their parents, to “just say yes” to brain-altering pharmaceuticals, with the drug of choice being Ritalin.  In 1970, when approximately 150,000 students were on Ritalin, America was alarmed enough to get the Drug Enforcement Agency to classify Ritalin and other amphetamine-type drugs as Class II substances, a category that includes cocaine and one that indicates significant risk of abuse.  Despite this apparent safeguard, the number of children taking psychiatric stimulants today has risen over 40-fold; current estimates are that between 6 and 7 million children are taking them.[i]  The American Academy of Pediatrics estimates that as many as 3.8 million school children, mostly boys, are currently diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and that at least a million children take Ritalin, a figure that many regard as a gross underestimate.  And it is not just schoolchildren who are being dosed with psychotropics:  Even preschoolers—those aged 2 to 4—experienced a tripling of such prescriptions in a recent five-year period.[ii]

Exactly why is all this juvenile pill-popping a problem?  Well, for one thing, Ritalin is a drug that has a more potent effect on the brain than cocaine.[iii]  And we’re supposed to be a country that eschews the use of such mind-altering substances, certainly for children.  For another, Ritalin’s side effects can range from unwelcome personality changes to cardiovascular problems to death.  Plus there’s the very real issue of whether the “diseases” for which this powerful medicine is prescribed are in fact real diseases at all.

The problem becomes further complicated when you consider that, in addition to the Ritalin explosion, increasing numbers of children are also being prescribed antidepressants, and that these are drugs originally designed and tested for adults.  (A fact not generally publicized is that it’s legal to prescribe drugs “off label,” that is, for conditions or populations that they weren’t originally designed for.)  So in 1996, over 700,000 children and adolescents were taking Prozac and similar antidepressants in the SSRI group, an 80-percent increase from just two years earlier.  It’s not that the SSRI’s have been proven effective in battling childhood and adolescent depression.  They haven’t.[iv]  Nevertheless, today, the number of these prescriptions has surpassed one million.  Psychiatrist Peter Breggin estimates that, each year, 10 percent of the school-age population will take one or more psychiatric drugs.[v]  Some children are prescribed several at once.  And the phenomenon continues to grow despite disturbing evidence of severe drug-induced personality changes, manic reactions, and psychotic behavior.

Medication advocates would argue that those children who are prescribed psychotropic drugs do in fact need them.  Children with affective disturbances or attention deficits can focus better, and thus learn better when medicated, they say.  Opponents protest that the efficacy and safety of these drugs have not been proven, and some, further, believe that many psychiatric “conditions” exist only as labels in the minds of psychologists.  Whether or not these conditions are real, one must agree that the exceedingly high numbers of prescriptions written for children in recent years are a cause for grave concern.  And they’re of concern not just to the children and parents directly touched by individual diagnoses, but to society at large.  Consider the Columbine massacre and the rash of other school shootings that have rocked this country recently.  As the Washington Times Insight Magazine reports, “the common link in the high school shootings may be psychotropic drugs like Ritalin and Prozac.”  For example, in 1998, 14-year-old Kip Kinkle killed his parents and then went on a shooting spree at his Springfield, Oregon, high school, killing two and injuring 22.  He was being treated with Ritalin and Prozac.  Then there was the15-year-old taking Ritalin who in 1999 wounded six classmates in Heritage High School in Georgia, and the 18-year-old who raped and murdered a 7-year-old girl in 1997, one week after starting to take Dexedrine.  One can’t help but ask whether psychotropic drugs are dangerous not just to those taking them, but also, in some cases, to “innocent bystanders.”

And there are some other basic questions people are beginning to ask as well:  Do all these children need to be taking all these drugs?  Are they really sick? 
 

 Is Attention Deficit Disorder a Real Disease?

By far, the overwhelming majority of psychotropic prescriptions for children are given for attention deficit disorder (ADD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).  In some instances, taking medicine is a prerequisite for attending school, with refusal to comply considered grounds for dismissal, or worse, removal of the child from the home by the state.  This outrages Dr. Fred Baughman, a board-certified child neurologist trained at New York University and Mount Sinai, and a fellow of the American Academy of Neurology.  Baughman feels that it’s one thing for a court to intervene and take over as legal guardian in a case where a child’s life is truly at risk, but quite another thing when psychotropic drugs are forced on children who don’t fit into the mold.  For instance, Baughman says, for religious reasons parents may refuse a needed blood transfusion for a child, or they may refuse to allow treatment of diabetes—a real disease—with insulin, a real treatment.  The courts may have to intervene in such cases.  But courts should have no place in mandating that behavioral problems in children be treated with drugs.  “There are no physical or chemical abnormalities in these children,” Baughman states.   “The idea that there is is a false belief spouted by psychiatry…. For courts to intervene and to mandate such treatment, as though these were legitimate diseases or legitimate medical emergencies, is leading to tyranny over parents of normal children….When we’re talking about…so-called psychiatric disorders, none of them are actual diseases due to physical abnormalities within the child,” states Baughman.[vi]

 A Diagnostic Deficit.  One reason to question the status of ADHD and ADD as real diseases has to do with the method of diagnosis—or lack thereof.  Usually, before labeling a patient with a condition, doctors do extensive testing to discover abnormalities.  They may perform blood tests, x-rays, sonograms, MRI’s, and so on.  But no medical tests exist that can determine the presence of ADHD or ADD; therefore, these “maladies” do not fit the criteria for a disease.

In the absence of objective medical tests to determine who has attention deficit disorder, doctors use task- and memory-oriented psychological assessments, and behavior rating scales, on which teachers and parents rate children on questions such as how much they fidget, how well they follow instructions, or whether they are restless or easily distracted.  An easy-to-see problem here is that the answers are subjective.  What one person views as distractibility, for instance, another may view as natural inquisitiveness.  Another problem is that some of the questions are based on questionable values or assumptions; for example, the Conners’ Parent Rating Scale[vii] asks whether the child “actively defies or refuses to comply with adults’ requests.”  In some life situations, though, disobedience is a virtue.  This questionnaire also asks whether the child “is always ‘on the go’ or acts as if driven by a motor.”  But what about the highly motivated achievers of our society, people who are always on the go because they’re bursting with entrepreneurial or creative energy?  One thinks of Benjamin Franklin as an early example of this.  Interestingly, some doctors, such as Massachusetts psychiatrist Edward Hallowell, are now saying that Benjamin Franklin may have had ADD.  As a Philadelphia newspaper reporter put it, “Why else would a man go out into a rainstorm with a key on a kite hoping for lightning to strike it?”[viii]  So now we come to the obvious questions.  What if Franklin had been drugged for his behavior?  Would his creativity have been dampened, and would our society have been the poorer for it?

Or consider these musings of newspaper columnist Rod Allee:

 “There was a boy who in his early teens was a bad student, failing in many classes.  Thought to be bright and encouraged by his parents and uncles, the boy could not bring himself to pay attention.  He dropped out of school and took long walks.

“Meetings were held.  No psychiatric medicine was available.  The boy’s personality changed not a whit.  Nevertheless the boy became a legend.

“Yes, that boy was Albert Einstein.  It is possible—in my mind, probable—that had psychiatric medicine been prescribed for the young Albert, the world would never have learned about relativity.”[ix]

 Another drawback of ratings questionnaires is that parents and teachers often have a vested interest in the results.  Even with the best of intentions, they may, without realizing it, want a child put on Ritalin, believing that it will help, or that it will make their own lives easier.  Also, it is interesting to note that studies show significant disagreement in how different evaluators assess the same child.  As psychologist Thomas Armstrong explains in his book The Myth of the A.D.D. Child, “In one study, parent, teacher, and physician groups were asked to identify hyperactive children in a sample of five thousand elementary school children.  Approximately 5 percent were considered hyperactive by at least one of the groups, while only 1 percent were considered hyperactive by all three groups.  In another study using a well-known behavior rating scale, mothers and fathers agreed only about 32 percent of the time on whether a child of theirs was hyperactive, and parent-versus-teacher ratings were even worse: they agreed only about 13 percent of the time.”[x]

One way of looking at the phenomenon we call ADD is to say that there is a natural bell curve of children’s behavior patterns, and that those who are particularly active simply fall at one end of it.  In other words, ADD and ADHD are part of the spectrum of healthy human behavior.  Or in the words of Dr. William Carey, University of Pennsylvania professor of pediatrics, “What is now most often described as ADHD in the United States appears to be a set of normal behavioral variations.”  He said this at a 1998 Consensus Development Panel of the National Institutes of Health, a group that did admit, “There is no valid independent test for ADHD.  There are no data to indicate that ADHD is due to brain malfunction.  And finally, after years of clinical research and experience with ADHD, our knowledge about its causes remains speculative.” [xi]  Indeed, although psychiatrists have been studying the multitude of behaviors that have been lumped together as ADHD for decades, no more is known today than was known in the early ‘70s, when ADHD was called hyperactivity or mental brain damage.

What is today called ADD has gone by a variety of names over the course of the past century.  Psychologist Dr. Thomas Armstrong lists some of them; the list includes “organic drivenness,” “restlessness syndrome,” “minimal brain dysfunction,” and “hyperkinetic reaction of childhood,” to name just a few.[xii]  Armstrong is one of the growing number of experts who believe we’ve gone too far in pathologizing part of the spectrum of normal behavior.  The psychiatric establishment, of course, tends to disagree, and many would point to the work of Dr. Judith Rapaport as proof that these conditions are real.  According to Dr. Rapaport’s MRI research, brains of ADHD/ADD children appear to be different from the brains of other children in that parts of the anterior frontal lobe and basal ganglia appear significantly smaller in ADHD/ADD children, particularly on the right side.  These changes would account for some of the behaviors of afflicted children because the frontal lobe controls such functions as response inhibition and the ability to plan complex sequences of actions.

A closer look, however, finds that Dr. Rapaport tested children who were taking medication prior to and during her studies.  Their brain changes, then, could have been caused by long-term use of amphetamines.  Even Dr. Rapaport admitted this in an interview in which she stated, “We are also replicating our anatomical MRI work with boys who have never been treated with stimulants to make sure that the differences in brain structure are not a result of stimulant medication.”[xiii]  The latest research from the University of Buffalo acknowledges this concern, concluding that long-term Ritalin use may cause changes in the brain similar to those seen with long-term use of other stimulants, such as amphetamines and cocaine.

Those supporting a biological explanation for ADHD sometimes refer to PET scan studies.  In the early ‘90s the National Institutes of Mental Health conducted studies using PET scans to measure glucose activity in the brains of normal children and those considered to have ADHD.  It was reported that the scans showed lower glucose activity in the brains of ADHD individuals.  But it was later admitted that the initial study results could not be duplicated.  Also, the individuals in the ADHD group had taken stimulants as part of their treatment.  This is germane because stimulants lower glucose activity in the brain, a fact that has been known since the 50s.  Thus the PET scan results do nothing in terms of defining a genuine brain disorder.  They do, however, bring up the important question of whether or not stimulant drugs are adversely affecting the brains of children.  This is not the first time that study data have raised questions as to Ritalin’s role in brain structure changes.  In 1986, a research team found brain shrinkage in 50 percent of 24 young adults with hyperactivity since childhood, and concluded that cortical atrophy may be a long-term adverse effect of stimulant treatment.  Actually, while doctors have long known that stimulants can cause brain damage when used chronically at high doses, no one has looked at the possibility that chronic low-dose usage, such as with drugs that are commonly used for ADHD, can cause brain damage as well.

 An American Phenomenon.   An important argument against the thesis that ADHD and ADD are actual conditions is that the epidemic appears to be confined to North America.  The use of Ritalin and similar prescriptions is overwhelmingly concentrated in the United States and Canada.  In fact, these two countries account for 96 percent of their use throughout the world, and children in the U.S. have been estimated to be from 10 to 50 times more likely to be labeled as having ADD than their counterparts in Britain or France.[xiv]  In American public schools, about 10 percent of all children in grades K-12 carry an ADHD diagnosis.  Europe, by contrast, has a fraction of one percent so labeled.  Could the United States and Canada really be so unique in the recent drastic upsurge of this malady?

Many in the health field are calling for more research in this area.  For instance, Thomas Moore, senior fellow in health policy at George Washington University Medical Center, who feels that brain damage from Ritalin is more common than has been admitted, often questions the rationale of giving Ritalin to children, stating that the chemical imbalance theory has not been established by any scientific evidence.  And while the public is given information by the National Institutes of Mental Health that ADHD is neurobiological in nature, NIMH psychiatrist Peter Jensen stated in 1996, “The National Institutes of Mental Health does not have an official position on whether ADHD is a neurobiological disorder.”   In other words, this agency is talking out of both sides of its mouth—not that this is an uncommon phenomenon in Washington.

Psychologist Diane McGuiness summed up the situation in 1991 by saying, “We have invented a disease, given it medical sanction, and now must disown it.  The major question is, how do we go about destroying the monster we’ve created?  It is not easy to do this and still save face.”

  Psychiatry’s Campaign of Labeling—and Lobbying

 Despite the lack of evidence supporting the existence of ADHD and ADD, many parents never think to question the teachers, psychologists, and pediatricians who have labeled their children with these conditions, or to ask about the possible consequences of routine medication with a Class II substance.  Those who do express concern are reassured that the experts know best, and then often sent to CHADD, or Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Disorders, a nationwide advocacy group for ADHD/ADD adults and parents of children diagnosed with the disorders.  The group is ostensibly an objective agency guided by the latest scientific findings.  Its messages: that ADHD and ADD are legitimate diseases necessitating medical treatment, that prescribed treatments are safe, and that parents refusing to medicate their children are negligent.  But there’s something that CHADD doesn’t tell its audience, and that is that the group was created and funded by the manufacturer of Ritalin—originally Ciba-Geigy, now Novartis—for the purpose of increasing sales. 

In effect, CHADD is a lobbying group.  And it’s a powerful one, with more than 500 chapters and 32,000 members.  “Most parents are unaware that the group is funded by Novartis,” notes Dr. David Stein, author of Ritalin is Not the Answer:  A Drug-Free Practical Program for Children Diagnosed with ADD or ADHD.[xv]  “I’ve had many of them come to my talks, only to walk out shaking their heads that they didn’t know all this stuff,” Stein says.  “They’re given very biased information all along, and they become believers that they have children with diseases and that drugs are absolutely necessary, which is sad.”[xvi]

Dr. Jeffrey Schaler is a psychologist, a consultant on legal matters associated with the issue of personal responsibility, and author of Addiction is a Choice.[xvii]  It is his view that ADHD and ADD are not pathological diseases, but socially constructed labels that members of the mental health profession use to control children, to homogenize people, and, basically, to create a nation of zombies.  These conditions are not listed in standard textbooks on pathology, Schaler points out, and, in truth, he believes, these are moral judgments masquerading as medical judgments.  Thus, what we need to do, he says, “is teach parents to just say no to psychiatrists who advocate drugging children in the name of treating a mythical disease.”[xviii]

Schaler feels, in short, that psychiatry is pathologizing behavior.  But behavior is not the same thing as a disease, because behavior is made up of activities that people choose to engage in for reasons that are important to them.  “That’s not true for real diseases like diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, syphilis, and tuberculosis,” Schaler points out.  “You can’t decide to stop having those particular diseases, and they also don’t vary by culture.  What we call mental illnesses, abnormal behaviors, or mental disorders, are all culture-specific.”

And note that the ADHD/ADD boom is just one facet of a growing campaign to increase psychiatric labeling.  In adults, the expanding list of socially based “abnormal” behaviors includes caffeinism and compulsive gambling.  In children, we see oppositional disorder and avoidant disorder.  Even shyness is considered a pathological state.  As neurologist Fred Baughman points out, the “bible” of psychiatric labeling, the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which listed 112 mental disorders in its 1952 edition, now lists 374.[xix]  Have we really discovered 262 new illnesses in recent years?  It seems, rather, that what we have done is created the therapeutic state predicted by Dr. Thomas Szasz in his 1963 classic Law, Liberty, and Psychiatry.   Szasz wrote about medicine and the state becoming united in much the same way that the church and the state once were.  Today, psychiatry has become an extension of the law, and the extent to which it is being used to deprive people of liberty and justice is staggering.  Consider the hundreds of thousands of people forcibly committed and drugged in American psychiatric institutions that we don’t usually hear from, or about.

The trend to classify children, in particular, as psychologically abnormal is especially alarming, as labels tend to remain with youngsters throughout their school careers and beyond, resulting in lowered self-esteem and limited options.  For example, an “emotionally disturbed” child placed in a special education class early on is likely to be tracked in that class throughout his or her school career.  As a result, fewer opportunities for enrichment are granted, and less academic and social progress is expected and thus attained.  Another detriment is that the appropriate response for these conditions is usually medication, the long-term iatrogenic effects of which may cause more harm than the original behavior.

 Class-Action Suits Filed.  A ray of hope in this picture is that parents are beginning to understand the harm that is being done to children, and class action lawsuits are now being filed against Ritalin manufacturer Novartis.  For instance, in New Jersey, families are suing Novartis, along with the American Psychiatric Association and CHADD, accusing them of conspiring to overdiagnose ADD in order to increase Ritalin sales.[xx]  They claim that Novartis persuaded the psychiatric association to define ADHD as an illness, so that the company could then profit by selling a treatment for it.  Further, they say, the company gave hundreds of thousands of dollars to CHADD, which they consider a front group, to help convince parents that medicating children is a good idea.  Similar class-action suits are being filed in other states, including California and Texas.[xxi]  Psychiatrist Peter Breggin supports these legal efforts, pointing out that, “This diagnosis [ADHD] was created for the specific purpose of suppressing children….Every single item in the list of symptoms has to do with controlling large groups of children in classroom settings.  Could it be a defect in the brain that makes you do everything a teacher can’t stand?…We’ve got a disease that goes away if you act in an interesting, warm, caring, engaged way with these kids.”[xxii]

Why We Medicate Children

A newspaper cartoon shows a school plastered with posters reading, “Just say no to drugs” while the school nurse asks a group of children if they’ve taken their Ritalin today.  It is indeed ironic that we, as a society, try to keep kids from taking drugs they want to take while on the other hand we force them to take drugs they may not want to take.  To understand this phenomenon, we need to explore whose interests the drugging of children serves.  We need to take a look at the perspective of our overcrowded school systems, at parents too busy to spend time with their children, and, naturally, at the manufacturers of these highly profitable items.

A Quick Fix for Schools. Psychologist Daniel Elkind, in his 1981 classic The Hurried Child, discussed the increasing “industrialization” of our schools, with their regimented schedules, even at the elementary level, and their focus on turning out quality-controlled products, i.e., students.[xxiii]  Today, with administrators under the gun to have their students perform well on standardized tests, and with more troubled children in the schools, the atmosphere has not gotten any more relaxed.  The inescapable fact is that schools have an interest in keeping order, in keeping children quiet and calm so they can get on with the business of teaching and learning.  And psychiatric medicines do help keep schoolchildren under control.  So, in the words of developmental pediatrician Dr. Joseph Keeley, “We sometimes use medications to make kids fit into schools rather than schools to fit the kids.”[xxiv]

Of course there are better ways to make schools work, such as appropriate therapy for troubled youngsters, custom-tailored education plans, and small classes.  But these approaches are more difficult—and more expensive.  Thus, the school district may have a vested interest in medication as a quick, less costly, fix, although this may not be what’s best for a particular child.  Says Dr. David Stein, “The drugs blunt their behavior.  They don’t act out in class, and they sit there quietly….The difficulty is that children learn nothing from a drug.”[xxv] 

Schools justify the need for medications by saying that children on Ritalin learn better because the drug allows them to focus, but that claim has never been proven.  According to Stein, so-called ADD children can learn when they want to; it’s just that schools expect too much of students and do not engage them.  “This country has started teaching second- and third-grade material in kindergarten, and children begin to get burnt out by the time they’re in the second grade.  They wind up hating schoolwork.  And that’s the key.  These children can play very complex video games, and they can read the instructions, because they enjoy doing it.”[xxvi]

            The situation in American schools today was chillingly illustrated for me by a teacher I talked with recently.  She works for a state-funded organization that sends teachers, social workers, psychologists, and speech therapists to disadvantaged schools for support.  Once a week, she explained, there are meetings with the principal, other staff, and sometimes parents to discuss specific problem children.  “Although we are given no specific training in how to advise or function as a team,” she said, “we are looked at as experts, and our advice is highly regarded.  In my experience, the meetings are merely attempts to find quick-fix solutions, and since the psychologist dominates, the answer to a great many childhood problems is an ADHD or ADD diagnosis for which medication is considered the logical solution.” 

            This teacher told me she will never forget an experience she had when she was fairly new to team meetings.  “After another teacher had expressed concern about an active second grader, the psychologist and psychology intern reported their findings to the parents at a team meeting.  They said that the boy fit the ADHD profile because he had gotten out of his seat so many times in class and couldn’t sit still without fidgeting.  They suggested that he should be taken to a doctor for follow-up. 

            “The mother initially asked an intelligent question:  ‘Will the doctor perform a special kind of test to determine that my son has a medical disorder?’  The team could not answer that question in the affirmative since no such test is performed.  The doctor merely observes the child’s behavior, looks at the behavior checklist filled out by the parent and teacher, and then fills out a prescription.  What the psychologist and intern did instead was talk about CHADD and what a great support it would be to these parents.

            “While the mother appeared immediately receptive to persuasion, the quiet father wore an expression of concern in his eyes.  The principal asked what was wrong, and the father responded in one word: ‘Ritalin.’  The team then turned their attention to soothing the father, saying that medication would be in the boy’s best interest because once he was calm he would be able to pay attention to his schoolwork and succeed in his studies.” 

            When the meeting ended, the teacher said, she pulled the father aside and told him that she understood his concerns.  “I told him that many parents were opposed to medicating their children and that alternative approaches did exist.  Then I handed him a brochure on alternative approaches.”  She felt she had to take a discreet approach because she’d learned, from past meetings, that it was useless to speak up.  The psychologists are so married to their ideology that they’re quick to shoot down the opposition.  “Even though I attempted to be confidential,” she reported, “the room was small, and I could feel the psychologist’s eyes glaring at me, as if she was going to use the information to report me to the thought-control police.” 

            Once the parents left, the teacher went on to relate, the red-faced principal exclaimed, “That burns me up!  Here we are trying so hard to help their son, and the father gives us a hard time.”  Obviously, the principal did not understand why the idea of medicating a young child, possibly every single day for the rest of his life, should concern parents.

Soon after that, the parents complied.  The next time this teacher saw the second-grader in her math group, he was already on Ritalin, so she was able to see a before-and-after contrast in personality.  The child had been a bit antsy before, calling out or even getting out of his seat from time to time, but his behavior seemed normal.  Now the child seemed severely depressed.  He would cry for the smallest slight, losing a turn in a board game, for example, and even crawl under the table to cry.  He had never acted that way before.  On one occasion he told the teacher that he wanted to kill himself.  She reported that to the psychologist, who seemed annoyed at the trouble.  Soon the psychologist reported back to the teacher that the parents didn’t notice any difference in behavior.  He would continue as before. 

            This teacher went on to make the point that biological “treatments” for childhood social disorders are not discriminatory; i.e., she has seen the same arrogance and insensitivity in an affluent school district on the other side of town.  In the high school where she worked as a reading specialist, teachers confronted with children they deem problematic routinely say to peers and parents, “He [or she] should be on meds.”  The students’ perceived problems can range from inability to focus to acting out to just not being able to read.  At one meeting, highly educated parents of a very bright young lady with reading difficulties were looking for a specific diagnosis to work with and were told by the psychologist to consider seeing a doctor about her daughter’s possible ADD—attention deficit disorder without the hyperactivity component.  To the teacher’s relief, the parents glanced at each other, snickering to themselves, as if to say, “I can’t believe you would say such a thing.”

If only more parents would laugh in the face of this absurdity.  Some parents do seem aware of the ADD controversy, but overall there is blind acceptance of ADD as a true medical condition and of medication as a requirement. 

It should be noted that it’s not just elementary and high schools that seem to need a drug to help them run smoothly, but preschools and day care centers also.  As writer Robyn Suriano recently pointed out in the Orlando Sentinel,[xxvii]  “The drug [Ritalin] reached its heyday in the 1990s, after more children started attending day care.  In a preschool, kids must follow instructions and behave just like older children in classrooms.  Rambunctious ones are not easily tolerated in these surroundings, where workers must watch many children.”  This is not to say that day care centers are necessarily bad, but there are a lot of inadequately staffed and equipped ones.  These trap preschoolers in confining, boring situations for 10 hours a day and then complain when they act like the active, inquisitive, and needy young creatures that children just barely out of babyhood normally are.  That drugs are used to remedy this situation is unconscionable, especially considering that Ritalin’s label warns that the drug is only for those aged 6 and over.  But “off-label” prescription is legal, and it’s happening.  As a Wall Street Journal article reported,[xxviii] the use of prescription drugs to control toddlers’ behavior has increased dramatically in the past decade.

The Journal article did give voice to a couple of dissenting professionals concerning this trend.   Psychiatrist Joseph Coyle, chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, was one.  The brains of young children are developing rapidly, he pointed out, and drugs can alter the process.  Coyle also cited the financial interests of managed care in creating a system in which doctors are too busy to do much more than prescribe.  And Dr. Julie Zito, an associate professor at the University of Maryland’s School of Pharmacy, was especially skeptical of the use of Ritalin to combat attention-deficit disorder in two-year-olds.  “What is abnormally inattentive in a two-year-old?” she asked.

It was Dr. Zito who, along with colleagues from the University of Maryland, Johns Hopkins, and Kaiser Permanente’s Center for Health Research, authored a study on “Trends in the Prescribing of Psychotropic Medications to Preschoolers.”[xxix]  Published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the study contained some unsettling findings concerning very young children and psychotropic drugs.  The researchers found that poor—and particularly black—children are being prescribed Ritalin at younger and younger ages.  A 300-percent increase in prescriptions to the very young between 1991 and 1995 was cited.  The study also mentioned Prozac being given to children younger than one year of age, to the tune of some 3000 prescriptions in 1994.

Parental Abdication.  To an extent, ADHD and ADD are products of a baby boomer generation that has abdicated a tremendous amount of responsibility for parenting.  A typical scenario might involve a very “successful” couple, with both partners working long hours and neither one able to spend much time with the child.  They do plan to get more involved one day, but in the meantime, they will pay for day care, baby sitters, tutors, and counselors.  And when the child’s behavior becomes a little too erratic from lack of parental attention, they will pay for psychological services.  They are told their child has ADHD, for which medication is needed.  A side effect of the medication may be agitation, for which more drugs are then recommended.  So now the child is on Ritalin and Prozac, and has been placed in special classes.

What a difference it could make if these parents realized that slowing down to spend time with the family, and, in effect, taking responsibility for what goes on in their lives, could resolve many behavior issues.  Child development research tells us that the biggest influence on children is the example set by parents.  Teaching self-discipline and resisting temptation are tremendously important factors in good parenting.  When parents take responsibility for parenting they teach their children responsibility as well. 

The inverse, which is happening today, is that children are learning that it is okay not to take responsibility for what they’re doing.  Living only for now, they lack future orientation.  Many of these children don’t think five minutes ahead of time, and they certainly don’t think about what they are going to do with their lives.  But the parents just assume that their children’s behavior is not anyone’s fault, and that a drug will fix things.  Says Dr. Schaler, “By virtually ignoring [their children] and calling their acting out behaviors a neurological disorder, they are, in effect, scapegoating the neurology of the child.” [xxx] 

Financial Incentives.   Before ADD and ADHD came into vogue, amphetamines were seldom prescribed.  Ritalin was given for narcolepsy, a rare neurological disorder that causes people to fall asleep unexpectedly despite adequate sleep, but sales were minuscule.  Now, thanks to the popularity of ADD and ADHD, Ritalin sales are significantly healthier.  Moreover, the psychiatric establishment has seemingly discovered several other childhood disorders, including pediatric depression, for which medications are routinely prescribed.  By the way, most of the people prescribing psychiatric drugs are not psychiatrists, but primary-care physicians, who have not received the kind of sophisticated mental-health training needed to understand what’s involved in prescribing these life-altering substances.  Our managed-care system of health care bears at least some of the blame for this trend.  As a recent article in Parents magazine point out,  “Here, as with almost everything else in the tangled world of health care, economics plays a decisive role.  Drugs have become the treatment of first resort when kids exhibit behavioral problems, partly because most managed-care plans readily cover the cost of medication but often won’t pay for long-term alternative treatments, such as talk or behavioral therapy.”[xxxi]

The people who manage managed care are not particularly interested in getting to the source of patients’ problems, focused as they are on the bottom line and the quick fix.  Psychiatrist Dr. David Kaiser elaborates:  “When I talk to a managed care representative about the care of one of my patients, they invariably want to know about medications I am using and little else, and there is often an implication that I am not medicating aggressively enough.  There is now a growing cottage industry within psychiatry in advocating ways to work with managed care, despite the obvious fact that managed care has little interest in quality care and realistic approaches to real patients.  This financial pressure by managed care contributes added pressure for psychiatry to go down a biological road and to avoid more realistic treatment approaches.”[xxxii]  

The boom in psychiatric drug sales has been helped along by a vigorous marketing campaign.  Psychiatrist Loren Mosher reports that at meetings of the American Psychiatric Association, drug companies “basically lease 90 percent of the exhibition space and spend huge sums in giveaway items.  They have nearly completely squeezed out the little guys, and the symposiums that once were dedicated to scientific reports now have been replaced by the pharmaceutical-industry-sponsored speakers.”[xxxiii]  And pitches for drugs are made not just to medical practitioners, but also to teachers and parents. In the early 1990s, pharmaceutical companies distributed pamphlets to schools nationwide on how to diagnose ADHD and ADD, conditions for which medication was presented as the solution.  During this time America saw a dramatic rise in Ritalin consumption, close to a 700-percent increase.  Ritalin’s manufacturer also funded CHADD to encourage parents to support the drug solution and to keep public confidence levels high.  Today, drug companies continue to spend hundreds of thousands of advertising dollars in psychiatric journals.

They’ve also started advertising in popular magazines.  Recently, some stimulant manufacturers have gone against standard international practice and begun marketing directly to parents.  Here’s how The New York Times describes this appalling trend:[xxxiv]

“In the back-to-school section of this month’s [Aug. 2001] Ladies’ Home Journal, tucked among the ads for Life cereal, bologna and Jell-O pudding, are three full-page advertisements for the A.D.H.D. treatments.

“The ads evoke a sense of Rockwellian calm.  Children chat happily next to a school bus.  A child’s hand gently touches the hand of an adult.  In one, for the new drug Metadate CD, an approving mother embraces her beaming son as the drug itself is named and promoted.

“This is a first.  Metadate CD, like Ritalin, Adderall and similar drugs, are what are known as Schedule II controlled substances, the most addictive substances that are still legal. (Schedule I drugs like heroin and LSD are illegal.)

“In keeping with a 1971 international treaty, such controlled substances have never been marketed directly to consumers, only to doctors.  There is, however, no federal law to prevent drug companies from doing it….The new magazine advertisement by Celltech Pharmaceuticals, the British maker of Metadate CD, states, ‘Introducing Metadate capsules.  One dose covers his A.D.H.D. for the whole school day.’”

According to The Times, in the year 2000 close to 20 million prescriptions were written for ADD medicines, with sales bringing in about $758 million.  It is true that a lot of this profit goes into research that tests drugs’ safety and efficacy.  The obvious down side to this, though, is that with companies funding their own testing, results can be biased, as it is not in a company’s best interest to get negative results that discourage business. 

This conflict-of-interest situation raises ethical issues that are especially troublesome when you consider that it is children who are being targeted by these drug companies.  Furthermore, today it’s not just the classic “problem child” who is being targeted for stimulant consumption.  As Peter Breggin points out in Talking Back to Ritalin,[xxxv] there is a wide range of children being given stimulants, from the truly hyperactive child who can’t sit still for a second to the child without severe behavior problems who is simply dreamy or inattentive.  As is the case with other psychotropics, the net of this drug’s reach seems to have widened.   

 Ritalin’s Side Effects

Psychiatrists often say that Ritalin is safe, having few side effects, and none that are severe.  This is just not true.  Here’s a rating scale listing possible side effects that parents and teachers are supposed to fill out—answering “no problem,” “mild,” “moderate,” or “severe”—as a child begins to take stimulant medication.  It’s included in a book written by medical professionals for parents of so-called ADD children:[xxxvi]

·        Decreased appetite

·        Problem getting to sleep

·        Problem staying asleep

·        Anxious or fearful

·        Irritable

·        Looks like a zombie (staring)

·        Decreased spontaneity

·        Depressed (even crying)

·        Headache

·        Stomachache

·        Tics (e.g., twitches, jerks, blinks, squints)

·        Vocal tics (e.g., throat clearing, sniffing, grunting)

·        Skin rash

·        Embarrassment because taking medication

·        Psychosis (irrational thinking, hallucinations, extreme anxiety or inappropriateness

·        Rebound effect as drug wears off: increased symptoms, hyperactivity and/or depression

If these were rare side effects, there would be no need for such a questionnaire.

The Potential for Psychosis.  There is no getting away from the fact that Ritalin is a stimulant, classified as an amphetamine-like drug because of its properties.  As Prozac Nation author Elizabeth Wurtzel put it, writing in The New York Times,[xxxvii]  “Whatever good Ritalin can do to help center those with attention problems, it does so for a simple reason:  It is an amphetamine.  In fact, Ritalin is more or less the same as what is sold as speed on the streets.”

The reality is that 10 mg of Ritalin is equivalent to 5 mg of amphetamine.  And like amphetamines, Ritalin can cause psychotic behavior.  This information is in fact included in the warnings of the drug-packaging information.  And psychiatrists, although they may not be forthcoming with facts when they are pulling out their prescription pads, do know that stimulants can make children psychotic.  In a 1999 Canadian Journal of Psychiatry report study,[xxxviii] 98 children received stimulant drugs for ADHD and were on them for almost two years.  Six of the children developed psychotic symptoms during treatment.  The journal concluded that physicians should have “...an awareness of the potential of psychotic side effects from stimulant medication when prescribing for children.”

What’s frightening is that this study documented a better than 6- percent rate of psychotic behavior in children taking stimulants at a time when 5 to 7 million children are now taking the stimulant Ritalin.  Psychiatrists have known for decades that Ritalin can cause psychotic behavior.  In 1975, psychiatrist Daniel Friedman wrote that Ritalin was one of five drugs that “produced psychotic reactions.”  Even at low doses amphetamine-like drugs “may occasionally produce psychotic states, and such psychosis may be prolonged, resembling paranoid psychosis.”  In fact, in 1973, psychiatrists were giving amphetamines to volunteers in order to observe their reactions.  The reactions frightened researchers, who noted that several of the subjects expressed “a desire to kill” or to do something “bad or destructive.”[xxxix]  Researchers concluded that there was a potential danger of impulsive murderous violence caused by amphetamine-induced psychosis.

Dyskinesia and Other Problems.  Many children taking Ritalin will develop involuntary muscle contractions and limb movements known as tics, or dyskinesia.  A study published in the Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine[xl] showed that this can happen to up to 9 percent of children taking stimulants.  Other studies in the peer-reviewed medical literature bear out this association,[xli] [xlii] [xliii] as well as the Ritalin-psychosis connection.  Also, Ritalin has also been shown to have an adverse effect on heart tissue and has been linked to cancer.  In the mid-90s, the FDA forced Ritalin’s maker to send letters to 100,000 doctors, warning them of a possible link between the drug and liver cancer.  Researchers reported to the FDA that their studies show “clear evidence” that link the drug to cancer.  The FDA changed the warning to “some evidence,” a change that was protested by one of the main researchers.  A formal proposal to keep the wording “clear evidence” was presented to an FDA panel, but this was defeated by a vote of 4 to 3.  “Clear evidence” became “some evidence,” and ultimately the FDA publicly announced that there was “a weak link” between Ritalin and cancer and that doctors should not be concerned about continuing to prescribe the drug.

A problem that some children and teenagers experience with Ritalin is called rebound.  When the drug is metabolized and the level in the bloodstream goes down, these children seem to go back to a hyperactive state “and then some.”  They may get excitable or impulsive, or develop insomnia.[xliv]  In fact, as many as half the so-called ADHD children on medications report some presleep agitation, called P-A.[xlv]  Physicians try to handle this problem by decreasing the last dose of the day, or, alternatively, adding another dose, so that the child sleeps with a new supply of Ritalin in his blood.  Sometimes this works, but one has to wonder about the advisability of children taking a sleep-pattern-altering drug over the long term.

Yet another Ritalin side effect is the stunting of growth that occurs in some children taking moderate to high stimulant dosages over a period of years.  This happens not just because stimulants can diminish appetite, but also because they may alter the body’s natural balance of growth hormones.[xlvi]  The growth-stunting phenomenon doesn’t seem to have alarmed the medical establishment as much as it should.  Consider the advice given by clinical psychologist Dr. John Taylor in his book Helping Your Hyperactive/Attention Deficit Child.[xlvii]  The author notes, first, that some physicians recommend taking the child off medication during vacation periods, so that he can catch up in height and weight.  Then Taylor counsels: “The crucial question is whether your child’s behavior can be tolerated if he or she is unmedicated (or undermedicated) during the summer months.  Several adjustments are available.  Your child can play outdoors more, attend camps, participate in athletic programs or other vigorous play activities, or even be sent to live with a relative.  There is little or no requirement for intense academic pursuits, there is no need to sit still for hours as is required in school, and summer entertainments can take advantage of your child’s interests to prevent boredom….Among those who are not given any medication-free periods and who experience the stunting effect, the average amount is less than two inches.  If stunting occurs and becomes an important psychological issue, choice of hair style and footwear can compensate.”

At least three questions arise.  First, if it’s possible to give a child a stimulating and active life in the summer, at camp or with relatives, why can’t this be done in the winter, in school and with the nuclear family?  Surely arranging for more outdoor playtime, and more interesting activities, is preferable to putting a child on drugs.  Second, do parents and doctors have the right to stunt a child’s growth for any reason other than, perhaps, to save his life?  And third, even if “choice of hair style and footwear can compensate,” for decreased height, how is the child going to feel about this later, when he understands what’s been done to him?

In addition to all the potentially damaging effects of Ritalin one has to factor in the reality that it doesn’t work.  Yes, it does make some children better behaved at certain times.  But there are no studies showing improved academic performance or social behavior over the long term.[xlviii]  What has been shown over the long term is that the side effects can become quite serious.  

The Deadly Consequences of Long-Term Stimulant Use

Most people assume that drugs are proven safe before they are marketed.  But this is not always the case, especially when you consider the long-term picture.  Science knows very little about the long-term effects of medicating children.  In effect, children have been guinea pigs.  The results of this grand experiment are only now becoming evident, and sometimes the consequences are deadly.

Consider the case of Stephanie Hall, a first grader placed on Ritalin because her teacher felt she was “just a little bit too antsy,” according to her mother.  “[The teacher] suggested that Stephanie go for testing, so we went the route of a neurologist who said she could throw a ball and read a book and a psychologist who said she had average intelligence but, yes, she was a little easily distracted.  So now she qualifies to be medicated.”  When she turned 12, the prescription was increased; that very day, Stephanie died from cardiac arrest in her sleep.  Says her mom, “Her death was caused by cardiac arrhythmia with no family history of any type of heart problem whatsoever, and she died a day after her medicine had been increased.  It kind of adds up.” [xlix] 

A double tragedy struck the Hall family when Stephanie’s sister Jenny, also a long-term Ritalin user, started to have seizures.  Subsequent medical tests revealed a brain tumor.  Mrs. Hall believes that Jenny was misdiagnosed; as a result proper medical attention was delayed.  She states, “There’s Jenny’s ADHD, it’s a brain tumor.  I’m not saying everyone that is labeled ADHD has a brain tumor….But there’s the possibility that a child could have an underlying neurological disease that really needs treatment.”  Mrs. Hall also wonders whether the medication could have precipitated or exacerbated Jenny’s condition:  “It probably made her condition worse because prior to being on medication she never had seizures.  I later read that if you have a low threshold to seizures you should never take Ritalin to begin with.”[l]  She and her husband are suing Novartis, the maker of Ritalin, for producing a defective product and concealing adverse reactions and deaths related to its use.[li] 

The once trusting mother advises parents to learn from her mistakes:  “Don’t trust your doctor.  Question him over and over.  If you are not happy with what he says, if you have an intuitive feeling that something doesn’t seem right, it’s not.  Get second and third opinions. It may not seem reasonable to have to go to that extent, but if it’s at the price of your child, it is.  I hope others can learn from my tragedy and realize that a doctor’s word is not God’s law.”[lii]

In a more publicized story, Matthew Smith, a 14-year-old from Michigan, had also, like Stephanie Hall, been taking Ritalin from the time he was in first grade.  After eight years of ingesting the drug daily, Matthew suddenly became pulseless and died while riding his scooter.  An autopsy performed by the county medical examiner, a Dr. Dragovic, found that Matthew’s heart muscle was diffusely replaced with scar tissue, as were the muscular walls of the coronary vessels.  Much to the displeasure of the psychiatric and pharmaceutical industry, the doctor publicly stated that Matthew’s death was undoubtedly due to heart damage akin to that regularly seen in deaths among amphetamine addicts, and that his death was clearly due to the Ritalin.

Yet another incident occurred in a psychiatric facility near San Antonio, Texas, where young Randy Steele was being restrained when he suddenly died.  Randy was on several psychiatric drugs at the time.  But his first psychiatric diagnosis, his entry into a life of psychiatry, had been ADHD, and his first drug was Dexedrine or dextroamphetamine.  At death he had an enlarged heart.

It should surprise no one to learn that Ritalin and other amphetamines can lead to death.  The dangers are well known to doctors who study the adverse effects of these substances as medical students.  Dr. Dragovic explains:  “Methylphenidate—that’s [Ritalin’s] chemical name—is classified as an adrenergic agonist.  This is a type of drug that boosts the adrenergic system.  It affects everything that has as its chemical pathway adrenalin, noradrenaline, dopamine, those types of mediators and transmitters.  Drugs in the category of stimulants also include Ritalin’s cousins--amphetamines, methamphetamines, and even cocaine.  If they are repetitively used, these drugs stimulate the adrenergic system in the human body.  Over a period of time…many months to many years—the enhancement of the adrenergic system will produce changes in small blood vessels.  Some cells will be lost, and in an attempt to repair the area there will be scarring….The blood vessels will narrow.  The changes that we’re seeing in kids who have been on Ritalin for about eight years are basically the same as the changes in someone that has been abusing cocaine regularly over a period of years.”[liii]

Dragovic adds that irreversible damage to the vascular system could also result in cardiovascular problems down the road, including high blood pressure.   By medicating vast numbers of children today, we could be creating an army of future patients with other conditions that need to be treated.  “Do we need that?” asks Dr. Dragovic.  His answer is certainly no, but as he explains, “That’s the peril of chronic Ritalin use, or of any stimulant for that matter.  It’s paying the due to long-term use.”[liv] 

            There are few if any statistics on how many people experience adverse effects.  What we do know is that, according to FDA adverse reaction reports—which are notoriously incomplete—there were 160 Ritalin-related deaths between 1990 and 1997, most of them cardiovascular-related.  We know that Ritalin is a vasoactive (blood-vessel-altering) substance that decreases cerebral blood flow.[lv]  And we know that children’s brains are undergoing dramatic development through the teen years, not just in early childhood, as had been previously thought.[lvi]  We also know that Ritalin can have persistent, cumulative effects on the myocardium, the muscle cells that form most of the heart wall.[lvii]  With all these facts in mind, one has to wonder about the implications for the millions of American children being dosed over the long term with stimulants.  As Dr. Fred Baughman points out, “There is no way of knowing the actual frequency of… any medical side effects of these drugs, because there is no required reporting system.  There is only a voluntary system whereby physicians would call the FDA, and, needless to say, they don’t often report their own complications.”[lviii]   Ritalin’s vast growth—its legal and illegal use--could mean that a multitude of tragedies are on the horizon. 

The Problem of Learned Helplessness

In addition to physical devastation, an ADD label can cause psychological harm.  According to Dr. David Stein, “ADD is a stigma, and probably an unnecessary stigma to have to live with….Current treatment programs are designed with the idea that [the ADD child is] diseased and handicapped.  They treat the child in such a way as to help him, coax him, warn him, assist him excessively, post rules, sit with him when he does homework.”  The result, concludes Stein, is that children labeled as having attention deficit disorder begin to develop four types of dependencies: 

1.      Task dependency—the belief that they can’t initiate and complete a task without someone helping them;

2.      Cognitive behavioral dependency—a constant need to be reminded about how to behave in different environments;

3.      Emotional dependency—the belief that they have to have someone help them all the time; and

4.        Medication dependency—the belief that they can’t function unless they take the drugs, even if a physical dependency on the drug does not exist.[lix]  

                        Such dependencies are counterproductive to normal, healthy development, Stein points out.  Children should be encouraged to become confident and independent, but limiting beliefs about the capabilities of “diseased” children can keep them handicapped well into their teenage and adult years.  For instance, once a child receives an ADD or ADHD label, down the road he or she may be perceived as unstable and thus banned from certain types of employment, such as security jobs in the federal government.  

Could Attention Deficits Be Culturally Induced?

            There are those who believe that what we perceive as ADHD is simply children’s natural reaction to the sped-up quality of much of American life today.  One of these people is psychologist Dr. Richard DeGrandpre, fellow of the National Institute on Drug Abuse and author of Ritalin Nation.[lx]  “As society goes faster, so do the rhythms of our own consciousness,” DeGrandpre writes in this insightful book.[lxi]  “This is especially true for children, who grow up in concert with the latest speed.”  DeGrandpre points out that young people who have known nothing but a hurried, perpetually wired environment, will tend to get restless when the stimulation level lags—in a classroom, for instance.  And he says that Ritalin, being itself a stimulant, does not so much erase the need for excitement but rather fulfill it, in a prosthetic way.  Indeed, he coins the phrase “prosthetic pharmacology” to refer to the way modern psychiatry uses drugs as crutches, rather than cures.  And while a real crutch may help a person’s injured leg heal, psychiatric crutches often mask underlying problems, resulting in no effort being made to deal with them.

A noteworthy point made by DeGrandpre is that, while years ago, the condition then known as hyperactivity tended to disappear when childhood ended, today’s ADHD seems to linger into adolescence and adulthood for a lot of its “victims.”  But why would a bona fide disorder suddenly afflict a whole new age group?  There has to be a cultural component at play.

Our Shifting Values.  We don’t seem to want to face any cultural concerns, though.  We’d rather diagnose a large segment of the population as mentally impaired, thereby shifting responsibility for our mental well-being away from society and toward the medical profession.  When people are identified as “sick,” their issues are seen as the result of a diseased mind, rather than as a reaction to an unhealthy family dynamic or social environment.  But one need only compare the world of today to that of 50 years ago to appreciate the magnitude of the additional stresses in contemporary times that could result in maladaptive behavior.  Many children practically grow up in day care centers, for example, their parents being too busy and hassled to raise them, and dinner is usually eaten in front of the TV.  Family members don’t interact with each other.  School demands more academic work from children at an earlier age.  The extended family is practically nonexistent, with grandparents, aunts, and uncles living many states away.  As a result, values are not taught to children.  The divorce rate is approaching 67 percent, and 50 percent of children are being raised by single parents.  These statements about modern life are almost cliché, but the fact remains that the environment they describe does have an impact on children.

                        I believe you have to look deeply at the values of a society to really understand what ails its people.  In today’s America, it never occurs to anyone that it’s okay to just be by being.  In our society we hate the idea of being without purpose.  Baby boomers, in particular, feel that we’re always supposed to have a purpose, a goal, a motivation to get there, discipline to keep the motivation going, and passion to fuel it all.  We’re supposed to have a higher ideal, and to value success and competition.  But in the process of doing all that we frequently lose our sense of identity.  We have to consider that when today’s kids take a careful look at their parents, they may not want to duplicate what they see. They—or at least some of them—may be turned off by the high stress levels, the judgmental attitudes, the lack of quality of life, the lack of unconditional love, the absence of peace of mind, and the inability to feel comfortable with what is.  So kids may say, “I’m just going to kind of hang out in the moment.”  And we think, “No, you can’t.  You’ve got to get in there.  You’ve got to achieve.  You’ve got to prove yourself.  You’re up against competition.  There’s a shortage of everything.”  And then we put them in a situation where they can’t win and can only be labeled as having some kind of deficit.

The Question of Parental Compliance

            The successful campaign to medicate the young could not happen without the consent of willing parents.  Or could it?  What happens if you, as a parent, concerned that your child may be having side effects from a medication that you weren’t even sure he needed to begin with, want to take the child off the drug?  Your child might be refused entry to school, or worse.  You could lose your child because the authorities do not believe you have the right to decide whether or not he or she should be on Ritalin.  Schools are now using heavy-handed tactics with parents who refuse to give the drug.  Parents are accused of child abuse, violence, or neglect.  Child protective services are called in to force the parents to medicate their children, sometimes under the threat of removing the child from the parent’s home.  One example of the abuse of power by schools and family courts is the experience of Tammy Maria Kabiak, a mom who conscientiously gave Ritalin to her son for eight years after being told the boy had ADHD, but who decided to stop after researching the facts.

Tammy Kabiak’s decision to stop came about gradually, after several years of doubt.  After Ritalin was begun, Kabiak noticed the development of side effects in her son—memory loss, shaking, bad headaches, sleep disturbances, and loss of appetite.  Years later, she researched the drug and became increasingly concerned.  Tammy learned that her son was taking a Schedule-II controlled substance, meaning the drug was in the same category as cocaine and methamphetamines.  Due to their highly addictive nature, these substances are under continual surveillance by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration; they’re overseen as well by a United Nations body called the International Narcotics Control Board.  So this was not a harmless medicine, as her son’s school had led her to believe, but an addictive substance.  Even more disturbing, Kabiak learned that Ritalin could be fatal when given to children with heart problems, and her son had a heart condition.  In light of these new insights, the choice seemed obvious.  She would wean her son off the medication.  Interestingly, once the Ritalin was stopped, many of the disturbing symptoms she had observed over the years also ceased.

Kabiak informed the school of her decision.  She showed them medical records documenting the severe consequences that the child had suffered with the drug.  And she showed them how, when he was taken off the drug, those conditions improved.  The school challenged her, though, and charged her with being an unfit parent, and now threatened to take her other two children away.  They did take her son away, putting him into a boy’s home where psychiatric drugs were forcibly given to him. “The school took my son to a hospital without [first notifying] me,” Kabiak remembers.  “When I got there, they refused to let me take him home and said if I didn’t sign papers they would call child protection and have my rights as a mother severed.”[lxii]  

Currently a resident at a home for children with problems, Kabiak’s son demonstrates anger and depression.  As a result, he now takes more drugs, including the antidepressant Zoloft.  What those in charge don’t seem to consider is that the new symptoms may well be a response to the sudden, traumatic uprooting or even an effect of Ritalin.  Unfortunately, Tammy Kabiak is a poor person, and does not have the financial wherewithal to challenge what has been done to her family.

The Carroll family is another one that got into trouble with the psychiatric establishment because of problems with a son.  When seven-year old Kyle Carroll, a first-grader, was prescribed Ritalin after a diagnosis of ADHD, his parents, Michael and Jill Carroll, worried about the drug’s side effects.  But when they decided to stop the drug, school administrators alleged child abuse, and the Carrolls found themselves on a New York statewide list of alleged child abusers.  They were thrust into a family court battle to clear their name and prevent their child from being removed from their home. 

“I told the school I wanted to take him off the Ritalin to see how he does the first couple of weeks,” recounts Michael Carroll.  “A week after that, Child Protection came knocking on the door.  They basically said that by not giving him the drug we’d be charged with neglect for not following doctor’s orders.” 

The Carrolls were taken to court, where they were ordered to administer all drugs prescribed by the physician.  They were fortunate in that their pediatrician stopped writing the prescription; therefore, their not medicating their son was no longer going against the court order.  But their reputation as parents has been tarnished, and the Carrolls are still in the process of trying to clear their name.

In yet another upstate New York case, parents had agreed to try Ritalin on their seven-year-old boy but changed their minds after witnessing serious side effects.  The school district objected and said that taking the child off Ritalin constituted child abuse.  Unconscionably, Child Protective Services hauled this family into court.  The judge said that not giving the child Ritalin put the parents at risk of having the boy taken away. 

Richard Wexler is executive director for the National Coalition for Child Protection Reform in Alexandria, Virginia, author of Wounded Innocence: The Real Victims in the War Against Child Abuse,[lxiii] and a writer on the child welfare system for the New York Times and the Chicago Tribune.  Discussing the above case and ones like it, he explains his belief that the school district and Child Protective Services are interfering in medical decisions that should be between the child, the parents, and their doctors, and, in the process, doing enormous harm to children.  “Imagine the specter, being a small child, seven-years-old.  Suddenly strangers are questioning you about the most intimate details of your life.  The child may be pulled out of his class to the principal’s office and suddenly asked all sorts of very difficult questions like ‘Do you think your parents really love you?’  ‘How do they discipline you?’  ‘How do they treat you?’  That’s terribly scary.  The younger the child, the scarier it is. 

“And hanging over everything is the specter that you might suddenly be taken away, not only from your parents but from everything loving and familiar…. In a situation where the child is actually removed, if a child is very young he or she may experience it as akin to a kidnapping.  I recall one case in which a child was dragged away, literally kicking and screaming, and the child kept yelling, ‘I’m sorry.  I’m sorry.  I’m sorry.’  She thought that she must have done something wrong for which she was being punished.”[lxiv]

Child protective workers have complete power over parents, which is sometimes necessary for rescuing children from real and serious abuse.  But sometimes workers get carried away; they can get into the mindset of assuming that every case put before them is one of serious abuse.  Dr. Wexler points out that for a child protection agency to automatically call parents negligent for not administering a controversial psychiatric drug to their child, and, irrespective of the circumstances, to subject them to the same rules as someone who just beat their child, is grossly unfair to those parents.  “We know that these cases have arisen,” states Wexler, although often cases of alleged negligence are complicated by a variety of factors.[lxv]

Successfully Challenging the Courts.  One parent who successfully challenged a court order regarding forced medication is Nestor Sosa, a divorced father, who, upon opening his door one day, was handed a court order to give his son Ritalin. This was how Sosa learned that his son had been given psychological tests, found to have ADHD, and put on medication.  All this had occurred without Sosa’s knowledge or consent; therefore, it was a violation of his joint custody agreement, he reasoned, and he would challenge the order.   

Sosa took his case to court, deposing the pediatrician who made the original recommendation, and asking to see medically objective tests performed on his son.  No such tests were available, although the doctor tried skirting the issue by talking about a psychological assessment that had been performed at UCLA.  This psychological evaluation, however, said nothing about actual medical tests proving a brain abnormality.  Sosa remembers how the deposed pediatrician could not even define ADD:  “I asked him three times, and he changed his answer three times.  The third time we came into the deposition he picked up a magazine and, reading it slowly, said, “It’s a neurobiological condition.  Yeah, that’s what it is.”[lxvi]

In the end, the doctor had to admit that there was no validity to the diagnosis.  Sosa states,  “I went there with letters from UCLA admitting that currently there are no tests to diagnose ADHD.  Even the pediatrician that I deposed said that there are no tests, and that he was not qualified to validate ADHD.  I went back to court demanding valid tests and saying that if I do not see those tests then this is a violation of informed consent.  ‘I need to be able to see the marker, the biological marker, that you’re using to diagnose these kids as being ADHD or not.’  They could not turn it over.  Never during my time in court did I get to see a medical test that confirmed he had ADD or some other condition that justified their giving him a Schedule-II controlled substance.  By my last court date they concluded that he didn’t have the condition, and they ordered him off the drug.”

 Sosa concludes, “This whole thing is a pure scam,”[lxvii] and advises other parents fighting the system to enter the arena well informed.  Parents must take an active stance, and can do so in the following way:

1. Document everything.  Write down who said what and when they said it. 

2. Ask the school to tell you, in writing, how they diagnosed ADD, the qualifications of the teachers making the diagnosis, and what objective medical tests were used to confirm the diagnosis.  Have them sign the documents under penalty of perjury. 

3. Let the school know that under federal law (United States Code Title 20, Section 1232H) you are allowed to obtain all records and that you are able to refuse any participation by your child in psychological surveys, analyses, or evaluations.

4. Obtain all medical records from any doctor prescribing drugs.  Have the physician tell you (also in writing) how he or she confirms an abnormality in a child and how that abnormality justifies the use of a toxic, controlled substance such as Ritalin.  Make sure that any tests given were made prior to exposure to any psychotropic medication, so that what is diagnosed is not an iatrogenic condition (a condition caused by medical treatment).  You are entitled to all medical records and should obtain the entire set.

5. If Child Services gets involved, have them provide you with the tests they used to confirm that your child has a disease.  If they respond with defamatory remarks about your character—for example, if they say that you’re an unfit parent for not giving your child a controlled substance—you have the right to sue them for slander. 

6. If the tests you have requested are not given to you by your court date, ask the court to produce the tests.  Inform the court that without a valid test you and your child have been deprived of proper informed consent.  Let the court know how upset you are that your rights have been violated.

A Parent’s Right Not to Medicate

            A number of schools require children labeled with ADHD and ADD to take Ritalin.  Parents refusing to comply are told to keep their youngsters home.  Recently, though, such abuse of authority has been challenged in some states.  A leader in this reform has been Patty Johnson, a former member of the Colorado State Board of Education, who spearheaded the landmark state school board resolution to protect children from being refused an education if a parent chooses not to administer Ritalin. 

As a school board member, Johnson received numerous disturbing complaints from parents being pressured to place their children on Ritalin.  She gives several examples:  “A police officer in Denver was given three choices.  She was told either to put her son on Ritalin, pull him from the public schools, or sit with him in class all day.  She decided to leave the police force and home-school her son, saying there was no way was she going to put her bright son on drugs (he was a straight-A student).  He was very active, and she just wanted them to discipline him and set boundaries.  Another parent just wanted special reading help for his daughter and was told, ‘You cannot get the reading help unless you put her on the drug.’  There are also parents in Jefferson County that are in court fighting for custody because they put their happy-go-lucky little boy on Ritalin and saw a drastic change in his behavior overnight.  They found steak knives in his bedroom.  He had slashed his mattress and all his teddy bears.  They said he was walking around like a zombie.  Then when they took him off the drug and told the school that they would rather try other solutions the principal called Social Services and reported them for medical neglect.  So they are now in court fighting for custody of their child because they refused to keep him on Ritalin.”[lxviii]

Johnson decided to try to do something about the situation by showing other board members research on Ritalin and eventually proposing a new school board resolution.  The title of the resolution was “Promoting the Use of Academic Solutions to Resolve Problems with Behavior, Attention, and Learning.”  “It basically reminded teachers that their role was to teach,” explains Johnson.  “They are not medical doctors.  They can’t practice medicine without a license.  And it was up to the parent whether or not to medicate their child.”[lxix]

                        The pro-medication tide is turning in other states as well, particularly Connecticut.  That state was the first in the nation to legislate against teachers or other school officials recommending psychiatric drugs for individual children.  School personnel can recommend that parents take their child to a doctor for evaluation, but suggesting that Ritalin is needed is no longer allowed.

                        The new law’s chief sponsor, a state representative who is also an emergency room nurse, is quoted in an Associated Press article as saying, “’I cannot believe how many young kids are on Prozac, Thorazine, Haldol—you name it….It blows my mind.”[lxx]  Apparently other Connecticut lawmakers were equally incensed about the increasing drugging of children, because the law was approved unanimously by the legislature.  Other states moving legally to limit the advocacy of drugs by school personnel include New York, New Jersey, Arizona, Utah, and Wisconsin.  As The New York Times explains, “The legislative push is a reaction to what its advocates call overprescription of the drugs.  They say an excessive reliance on Ritalin and several competing drugs is driving parents away from traditional forms of discipline and has created a growing, illegal traffic in what are potent and dangerous speed-like stimulants.”[lxxi]

Overcoming Behavioral Problems Without Drugs

Children manifest behavioral disorders for a number of reasons, including physical ones such as dietary factors and lack of exercise.  Doctors taking a proactive approach believe that children can and should be helped without drugs, as drugs only mask the problem without getting to the root of it.  Moreover, drugs do not teach a child anything.  The advantage of a drug-free approach is that children can learn how to actively think and how to monitor their behavior.  Improvements are long-term, with no reliance on dangerous substances.

Psychologist Dr. Thomas Armstrong is a former special education teacher who has had a lot of experience working with children with attention and behavior problems.  In his book The Myth of the A.D.D. Child[lxxii] Armstrong describes 50 techniques that parents and teachers can use to mold the behavior of children who are habitually inattentive or hyperactive.  His suggested strategies range from dietary and physical techniques to new ways of communicating with your child and interacting as a family.  Here are a few of the ideas Armstrong elaborates on:

·        Provide a balanced breakfast that includes complex carbohydrates, protein, and fruit.

·        Limit TV and video games.

·        Have your child study a martial art.

·        Use color to highlight information.

·        Include physical movement in your child’s learning environment.

·        Find your child’s best times of alertness, and then utilize that knowledge.

·        Provide appropriate, uncrowded, spaces for learning.

·        Give your child immediate feedback.

·        Have the child do real-life tasks, including teaching a younger child.

·        Hold family meetings, at which parents and children can function as equals.

 While not totally against the use of drugs, Armstrong feels they are overemphasized, and that “the more parents focus on drugs as solutions for their children’s behavior problems, the less likely it will be that they’ll look at important non-drug interventions.”[lxxiii]  It’s easier to focus on whether a child has taken his daily pill rather than on the development of new communications strategies or the need to revise a school curriculum.

The Dark Side of Antidepressants

                        In the past several years a whole new vocabulary of disturbed behavior has entered the English language, with terms such as “going postal,” “road rage,” “air rage,” and “sports rage.”  The types of events these terms refer to used to be practically nonexistent.  Now, unfortunately, such happenings are commonplace, and one reason is the widespread use of antidepressants.

Nearly a decade has passed since Prozac was introduced to the market and quickly proclaimed a wonder drug.  During that time, the drug has indeed helped many people who suffer from severe depression.  But the early claims that Prozac would alleviate depression without causing harmful side effects have not been realized.  Indeed, just the opposite has proven true.  Prozac has produced serious side effects in some users, prompting a host of lawsuits against Eli Lilly & Company, the drug’s manufacturer.  These adverse effects include akathisia, a condition in which a person feels compelled to move about, as well as permanent neurological damage, obsession with suicide, and acts of violence.

In 1990, the Citizens Commission on Human Rights, an organization that investigates psychiatric violations of human rights, wrote a letter to the House of Representatives that stated, “The wide use of Prozac has been largely generated by Lilly’s false claim that Prozac has fewer side effects than other antidepressant drugs.  This is a serious misrepresentation to the public which is destroying lives.”  (The letter notes that Eli Lilly had in fact changed its advertisements to remove the statement that Prozac causes “fewer side effects.”  In one ad, for example, the manufacturer said instead that the drug produces “fewer tricyclic-like side effects.”)  The letter concludes, “The drug should be immediately recalled as a serious health hazard and kept off the market until the manufacturer can guarantee the drug will not kill more people.”

What is particularly disturbing is that, right now, children are one of Prozac’s primary targets.  And while psychiatrists claim such drug treatment is safe, they rarely, if ever, talk about the harm this practice has been proven to cause.  A 1994 investigation into Prozac’s adverse effects on children, which looked at 659 children between the ages of 1 and 18, showed 1332 adverse reactions suffered by those children.  These reactions included 34 deaths and 83 attempted suicides.  Two five-year-old children committed suicide in 1992 while taking Prozac, and two four-year-old children attempted suicide while taking just 10 mg a day of the drug.  It should be noted that Eli Lilly has stated that the drug was never intended for young children, but for those 18 and older.[lxxiv]

Overlooking Prozac’s Drawbacks

In our rush to find the mental “magic bullet,” we have neglected to notice the side effects of Prozac.  First and foremost, there is overstimulation.  Prozac acts like a stimulant, and some of the side effects are thus the same as those of amphetamines.  The major adverse reactions to the amphetamines, like those of Prozac, are exaggerations of the desired effects, specifically excessive stimulation of the central nervous system manifested as insomnia, anxiety, or hyperactivity.  Other symptoms of this problem include agitation, nervousness, increased headaches, sweating, nightmares, loss of appetite, and weight loss.  A common manifestation is akathisia, the need to keep moving around.  So now, just as sedatives were often prescribed along with amphetamines to counter overstimulation, Ritalin may be prescribed as a way of modulating the effects of Prozac.

Consider how this can affect a child.  Let’s say there is a child—more often than not it’s a boy—between the ages of 8 and 14, who’s not performing well in school.  And his parents have decided, based upon some behavior that they’re not happy with, possibly a lack of respect for what they want for their son, that he needs psychiatric help.  Prozac is recommended.  But there are side effects.  Now, when they boy goes to school, while before he may have been bored with the teacher, bored with the class, and perhaps smarter than the teacher and the class, now he has agitation, anxiety, and nervousness.  So now the teacher thinks he has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.  And now he’s going to be given Ritalin along with the Prozac.

This is not a rare scenario.  Research shows that almost a third of the children on Prozac or a similar antidepressant also take Ritalin or a similar stimulant.[lxxv]  And studies have reported that 40 percent of people on Prozac experience akathisia. With this condition a person may feel driven to shuffle his feet or to stand up and walk around.  At the same time, there’s an inner sense of anxiety and irritability, something like you feel when you hear chalk going down a chalkboard.  The feeling could be mild or torturous.  Imagine having to sit in classrooms hour after hour while experiencing that.

The picture gets nightmarish when we consider that both akathisia and agitation are associated with violence and suicide because they are related to a breakdown of impulse control.  Sometimes, when overstimulation becomes extreme, people become psychotic.  Then they may do outlandish and even violent things, such as shooting up schools.

The possibility of Prozac’s inducing psychosis was noted in FDA-controlled studies that were only four to six weeks long.  Out of the 286 people who finished these studies, 1 percent became psychotic.  Actually the true rate of induced psychosis may be higher than 1 percent, since these were such short-term studies and the population of people studied was narrow.  It should be noted that the people chosen for this research were carefully screened to exclude those with a history of being manic-depressive, schizophrenic, or suicidal.  As a result, one can see that the craziness people experienced was strongly associated with the drug.

Psychiatrist Peter Breggin, in Talking Back to Prozac, illustrates how Prozac-induced mania can affect a child, as he summarizes a case reported in a psychiatric journal:[lxxvi] [lxxvii]

“A ten-year-old boy became depressed when his family moved to a new neighborhood, and he was placed on 20 mgs. of Prozac by his family physician.  The youngster immediately became ‘hyperactive, agitated,’ and ‘irritable,’ and his speech was pressured.  He was less tired and required less sleep, and he developed a ‘somewhat grandiose assessment of his own abilities.’ Then he began to make a number of anonymous phone calls, threatening to kill a stranger in the neighborhood.  When the telephone calls were traced back to him, the Prozac was discontinued and all of the hypomanic symptoms resolved within two weeks.  Mania and hostility frequently go together and suggest one of the mechanisms for Prozac-induced violence, as well as for ‘crashing’ and suicide.”

Another side effect that sometimes occurs with Prozac is the very condition it’s supposed to cure—depression.  This is not as illogical as it sounds because depression is an after-effect of overstimulation, and Prozac acts like a stimulant.  A look at FDA materials on Prozac shows that Eli Lilly knew Prozac caused depression and, in fact, the company initially reported it.  Then, this information just disappeared from the label.  This is a serious omission, and certainly places patients in jeopardy.

This is what may happen to certain patients:  They start taking the drug, and in the beginning they feel better, perhaps because they feel they’ve finally done something for themselves.  Or maybe the drug gives them a burst of energy; stimulants will do that.  But then they get more depressed.  They get suicidal feelings.  But they—or in children’s cases, their parents—don’t know the drug hasn’t been tested on suicidal patients.  And they aren’t aware that Eli Lilly once listed depression as a possible effect of the drug.  And so they end up thinking they should take more Prozac—to fight the depression.  When that fails to work, resulting instead in more depression, they could eventually end up receiving shock treatment, never knowing that if they hadn’t started on Prozac, they may never have gotten so severely depressed.  Subjecting children to this possibility does not seem like a wise idea.

A trend that has to be factored into this situation is that, while SSRI’s were initially drugs prescribed by psychiatrists for serious clinical depression, they’re increasingly used in a more casual way—prescribed by general practitioners for mild depression.  So now we have a lot of people taking a drug that they don’t actually need—a drug that research shows will make a small percentage of those taking it suicidal, even if they’ve never been suicidal before.  According to researcher Dr. David Healy, director of the North Wales Department of Psychological Medicine, “Generally the findings would indicate that women and children and those who are least ill may be most at risk.”[lxxviii]  Healy believes that the research that preceded the initial approval of SSRI’s was flawed, so that now they’re being given out without heed being paid to their dangers.

Many other doctors would agree.  For example, pediatrician Dr. Jerry L. Rushton, of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, reports on the widespread practice of prescribing SSRI’s to youngsters for reasons such as mild to moderate depression, and ADHD.  Says Rushton:  “Despite a paucity of safety and effectiveness data more than 500,000 prescriptions for SSRI’s are written for children and adolescents each year.[lxxix]

            Other possible side effects of Prozac are tardive dystonia, a condition in which muscles tense up involuntarily, and tardive dyskinesia, in which there is involuntary movement.  Many psychiatric drugs, such as Haldol and Thorazine, are recognized as causing tardive dyskinesia in roughly one out of five long-term users.  Current medical knowledge holds that the permanent damage of tardive dyskinesia is not expected to develop until a person has been on a psychiatric drug for a year or more. Hence the name “tardive,” meaning late developing.  With Prozac, however, the scientific literature shows that it can develop rapidly and without warning early on.  Tardive dystonia and dyskinesia are conditions that should not be taken lightly because they can be stigmatizing.  The movements and postures associated with these conditions can look bizarre.  They may make a person seem quite mentally ill when, in fact, their movements are simply side effects of medications intended to alleviate mental illness.  And these symptoms can persist long after the person has come off the drug.  In some cases they never remit at all because parts of the brain that control muscle function have been destroyed by the drug.

Another possible side effect is a rash, and there are several kinds of rashes associated with Prozac use.  At the most serious extreme, rashes that appear reflect serious immunological disorders, such as lupus erythmatosis or serum sickness, which is accompanied by fever, chills, and abnormal high white blood cell count.  A few deaths have been associated with Prozac-induced skin rashes.

Cancer is yet another possibility.  Animal studies show that Prozac, as well as a number of other antidepressants, enhance tumor growth.  And yet these drugs are commonly given to people suffering from cancer because it’s thought they will help with depression.

Withdrawal Problems.  When people abruptly stop taking Prozac or other SSRI antidepressants, after taking them for several months, there are usually problems.  Up to 78 percent of the people who do this experience physical and psychological symptoms such as changes in mood, appetite, and sleep; dizziness; fatigue; anxiety; agitation; nausea; headaches; and sensory disturbance.  The symptoms are so typical that the clinical entity “SSRI discontinuation syndrome” is now widely accepted—after its existence had been denied for several years following the introduction of SSRI’s on the market.  Symptoms are usually mild and short-term but occasionally can be severe and long lasting.

Lax Governmental Oversight

Is the Food and Drug Administration covering up for the drug companies’ disregard for the public’s safety?  The public often relies on government agencies to warn them of potential dangers of consumer products, from toys to automobiles to drugs.  We place our trust in those with the ability to investigate, test, compile data, and truthfully report to the public.  For example, in 1999, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission announced a recall of 19 million swimming pool toys called dive sticks, plastic toys that could be retrieved from the bottom of a pool during diving games.  According to the Center for Science in the Public Interest, the commission was aware of six injuries to children between the ages of six and nine years of age.  Parents receive warnings about the potential hazards of toys quite frequently, warnings issued based on as few as two to three incidences of injury.  But what about drugs?  In this area, the attitude seems much more lax.

A misconception held by much of the public is that before a drug is approved for sale, our Food and Drug Administration independently studies it to determine whether it’s safe and effective.  This is not so, as Peter Breggin points out in Talking Back to Prozac.[lxxx]  The FDA doesn’t have the funds to do this.  It’s the pharmaceutical companies that test their own products; the FDA is merely the overseer.  This leaves a lot of “wiggle room” for the companies to make sure their products look good.  In the case of Prozac, Breggin asserts that, “A lot of fancy numbers-crunching was required to make Prozac look any better than a lowly sugar pill.”[lxxxi]  He has a whole chapter explaining how Prozac manufacturer Eli Lilly did this.  Here are a few of the ways the testing of this drug was flawed:

·        The subjects selected for the study did not include people who had suicidal tendencies; that way the company didn’t have to risk finding out whether the drug could in fact prevent suicide.

·        Hospitalized psychiatric patients were excluded from approval studies.

·        Also excluded were the elderly—and children.  (Leaving children out would not be a flaw if off-label prescription were not legal.)

·        The actual trials used as the basis for FDA approval included only 286 test subjects.  The company’s 11,000-test-subject figure, used in information sent to physicians, misrepresents the level of participation of these subjects.

·        There was a high participant dropout rate, partly attributable to the drug’s lack of efficacy and its side effects, which included nervousness, anxiety, insomnia, nausea, loss of appetite, and diarrhea.

·        Those trials that were rigorously controlled lasted only a few weeks.

·        Negative data were pooled and reshuffled to yield positive results.  This was done in spite of the fact that the FDA’s own directives reject this kind of statistical sleight-of-hand.

Once a drug is approved, we assume the government is protecting us by looking out for adverse effects.  Here again, the public would be disillusioned to know the full truth.  In 1993, the FDA changed the way adverse reactions to drugs were entered into the reporting system.  Specifically, the agency deleted medical report comments by doctors about specific patients.  For example, a 1991 adverse reaction report shows the case of a 15-year-old girl having been hospitalized for an attempted suicide after being on Prozac for one month.  The report clearly stated, “She did not have a history of suicidal thoughts prior to Prozac” and that “Prozac was discontinued and the patient fully recovered.”  The same entry in 1993 merely states that there was a suicide attempt and hospitalization.  Who benefits from the omission of such information?  Certainly not the public.  While toys linked to a few accidents are banned, Prozac-related deaths, which average five to six per week, are swept under the rug, and the FDA allows the continued prescription of the drug.

The FDA/Drug Company Connection.  Part of the problem is that FDA doctors have very close affiliations with drug companies.  For example, when the FDA convened a panel in 1991 to review concerns about Prozac and violence, the agency itself disclosed before the hearing that a number of panel members had financial conflicts of interest because they had received grants from various antidepressant manufacturers.  One member even had grants pending from Eli Lilly.  It has also been shown that another member did not disclose his engagement to speak at seminars funded by Eli Lilly, nor the fact that he had two grants pending from antidepressant manufacturers.  What’s more, he had received some four million dollars worth of research grants from such manufacturers in the eight years preceding the Prozac hearings.  In the end, nearly all the panel members either had clear conflicts of interest or belonged to the psychiatric profession, a profession that is today so tied to a prescription-writing approach to mental health that objectivity is hard to come by.  It should come as no surprise, then, that the panel voted 10 to 0 that there was no evidence proving that antidepressants were linked to violent or suicidal thoughts and behaviors.

An important criticism of the FDA panel was that it did not acknowledge the importance of the rechallenging process in its review of Prozac.  With rechallenging, patients who have experienced side effects that then subside when they stop taking the drug begin taking it again to see if the same negative effects recur.  If they do, the side effects in question can be closely linked to the drug.  Harvard researcher Dr. Martin Tisher told the FDA panel that at least eight patients had been rechallenged with Prozac and experienced violent suicidal thoughts, which established a connection between the drug and these side effects.  Dr. Tisher said that rechallenging could provide more definitive data about the drug, and could do so more quickly, than new clinical trials.  But the panel was not interested in the findings.  What’s more, when Tisher asked to present slides correlating Prozac with violent, suicidal thoughts, the panel refused to see them.  It did, however, allow slides that defended Prozac.

Our Brain Chemistry, Our Selves

How did we get to the point where children as young as four are being prescribed mind-altering drugs?  To understand this phenomenon, it helps to go back a few decades.  In 1963, Life magazine introduced the American public to the concept of brain chemical imbalances.  Psychiatrists had been experimenting with drugs, particularly LSD, and had become impressed with the wide variety of behaviors, emotions, and personality changes that could be induced by taking only a tiny speck of the drug.  A hypothesis was born out of this:  If such wide variations of behavior could be produced with such a small amount of a brain-affecting drug, then any variation from normal behavior must be due to extremely fine changes in brain chemistry.  And therefore, to attain normalcy when there was a deviation from it, brain chemistry simply needed to be balanced.  Famed psychologist B.F. Skinner told Life magazine, “In the not too distant future, the motivational and emotional conditions of normal life will probably be maintained in any desired state through the use of drugs.”

In 1967, psychiatrists made a chilling prediction that showed just how much psychiatry wanted to use drugs for behavior control, not just for treating mental illness.  A psychiatrist named Klein had been studying the effects of psychiatric drugs on normal humans and reported that, “The present breadth of drug use may be almost trivial when we compare it to the possible numbers of chemical substances that will be available for the control of selected aspects of a man’s life by the year 2000.  If we accept the position that human mood, motivation, and emotions are reflections of a neurochemical state of brain, then drugs can provide a simple, rapid, expedient means to produce any desired neurochemical state we wish.  The sooner we can cease to confuse scientific and moral statements about drug use, the sooner we can consider the types of neurochemical states that we wish to provide for people.”  In other words, if the eugenics movement, which had sought to genetically design the right kind of people, was now largely discredited, we could at least design the right way for people to think and feel.

Today, the “therapeutic” altering of our neurochemical states is an accepted part of life.  Whether or not this is a good idea is, philosophically, open to question.  But whether or not we should be altering our children’s neurochemical states is a moral question.  And an even more pressing question is this:  Do we really know what we’re doing?  Particularly with relation to the new SSRI’s, the whole group of selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors that began with Prozac, do we really understand the workings of serotonin?

                        Should We Be Tinkering With Serotonin?  People are being told that they are depressed because seratonin levels in their brains are too low.  By increasing seratonin, these medications are supposed to restore balance to help people feel better.  But this logic is the exact opposite of what the original researcher on seratonin, the Israeli scientist Dr. Felix Sloman, discovered in the mid-1950s.  Dr. Sloman found that a buildup of seratonin was so toxic to the brain that it would cause even rabbits, the most docile of creatures, to become aggressive.  Sloman found seratonin buildup to cause a variety of adverse reactions, including migraines, hot flashes, irritability, sleep disturbances, including horrifying nightmares, heart pains, breathing difficulty, tension, and anxiety.  “When you look at Dr. Sloman’s research,” says Dr. Ann Blake Tracy, a specialist in adverse reactions to psychiatric medication, “and then at the research that we’ve had since on seratonin, you find that serotonin metabolism is low in depression, meaning that the serotonin is not breaking down but building up like it did with these people that couldn’t metabolize the seratonin on their own.  What’s tragic is that these drugs are designed to enhance that buildup effect, to increase seratonin by decreasing your ability to break seratonin down.  As a result, we’re actually causing what they’re telling us we’re curing with these drugs.”[lxxxii]

                        Prozac was the first in an array of similar-acting medicines that includes Zoloft, Paxil, Luvox, Effexor, Serzone, Celexa, Anafranil, and Wellbutrin.  One would hope that the kinks were worked out, making these newer medications improvements upon Prozac.  In truth, though, this is not the case.  We should be very concerned about the drugs we are taking, states Dr. Tracy.  These drugs can induce psychosis, causing people to lose touch with reality and commit horrible, violent acts against themselves and others.  “If you aren’t aware of what psychosis is,” says Tracy, “take a look at Eric Harris at Columbine, a clear case of extremely psychotic behavior.  [He was on Luvox.]  Or look at Michael McDermott.  The day after Christmas he went on a shooting spree at work.  [McDermott had been taking several SSRI’s.]” Tracy speaks of people on SSRI’s attempting suicide repeatedly and killing themselves in violent ways.  Also, adds Tracy, women are shooting and stabbing themselves, a phenomenon not ordinarily seen in women taking their lives until recent times.  Additional reactions to antidepressants include mood disorders, arson, substance abuse, insomnia, violent nightmares, impulsive behavior with no concern for punishment, and reckless driving.  With at least one-eighth of the population now on these medications, is it any wonder that we have the most violent and psychotic society we’ve ever seen?”[lxxxiii]  Tracy asks.  She reports a recent Yale finding that 8 percent of people being admitted to psychiatric wards are there as a result of psychosis induced by one of these four drugs: Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, or Luvox.  That 8-percent figure may not sound like a lot, but it represents about 150,000 people being admitted to hospitals yearly. 

The term SSRI stands for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and the public is given the impression that these new antidepressants work by affecting only the level of serotonin, the problem neurotransmitter in depression.  But these drugs are not as selective as one might think.  This is a point made by Dr. Joseph Glenmullen, a clinical instructor in psychiatry at Harvard Medical School.  First of all, as Glenmullen explains in his book Prozac Backlash,[lxxxiv] adrenaline and dopamine, which are other neurotransmitters, are also affected when serotonin is tinkered with.  A second point is that serotonin affects not just the brain, but also other parts of the body, such as the circulatory system and the gastrointestinal tract.  Furthermore, Glenmullen points out, when serotonin is manipulated by drugs, the levels achieved are not in the natural range.  All of these factors contribute to SSRI side effects.

What Parents Tell Us

                        The trend toward psychotropic overmedication is something that affects all age groups in our society, but children are particularly victimized in two respects.  First, as we’ve mentioned, children were not included in the pre-approval trials for many of these drugs, and because their brains are smaller and still developing, they may be more vulnerable than adults to side effects.  Second, by and large, they cannot speak for themselves or are not given the opportunity to.   Since parents are the best advocates for children, we have given some parents the opportunity to relate their experiences in the following.

 Brenda

                        My 16-year-old son, Jared, was having a little trouble in school.  The teacher said that he was trying to self-medicate with alcohol.  She suggested that we see a doctor and that he be put on one of the drugs for depression.

                        When we took Jared to the doctor to be diagnosed, the doctor spent about 15 minutes with us before deciding that he needed to be placed on an antidepressant drug.  We told the doctor that we didn’t want him taking any drugs like Prozac.  He put Jared on 20 mg of Paxil, which he said was nothing like Prozac.  In actuality it is.  It’s the same kind of drug, only stronger. 

            I was never told about the potential risks of the drug my son was given, only that Jared might experience dry mouth and itchy eyes. That’s it. 

Once home, my son protested that he wasn’t depressed and that he didn’t want to take the pills.  About a week later, I noticed that he hadn’t taken even one.  I spoke to Jared, saying, “Why haven’t you taken these?”  And he replied, “I don’t want to take these drugs, Mom.  I don’t want to take any pills.”   “Jared,” I said, “the doctor said that it will help you.  Try them.”  So he started taking the drugs. 

                        The change in Jared’s personality was immediate.  The first day on the medication, he told me that he felt weird and jumpy.  So I called the doctor and told him about my son’s symptoms.  The doctor’s reply was that he gave Jared the smallest dose possible and that we should cut the pills in half.  That is what I did.

                        Jared’s weird behavior continued.  He became aggressive, where he was normally very quiet and shy.  He would get right up into your face, where he had never been that way before.  I didn’t connect it with the Paxil but thought that Jared might be taking a street drug since his behavior was so bizarre.  I guess we just don’t want to believe that a prescribed pill would do something like this. 

                        Prior to starting the medication, before Jared’s teacher ever approached me, I noticed that he didn’t care about school, and he was hanging out with kids who liked to drink.  I was concerned about that.  But I think back on that now and realize that a lot of kids don’t like school and that doesn’t make them crazy.  I wonder why I ever took him to the doctor in the first place.  I’m sure that this would have passed.

                        Jared had a violent confrontation with a family friend.  She had been married to my father at one time, and we spent a lot of time with her at family functions.  He was pretty close to her, as they shared the same interests.  She even turned him on to The Hobbit, the book series.  They had the same kind of personality; she was kind of quiet, too. 

                        He was extremely intoxicated when he and two other kids went to her house.  They say they went to rob her, but they didn’t take anything.  My son stabbed her to death.  He stabbed her 61 times.

                        There was nothing in Jared’s background or personality that would have given any indication that he had the capacity to commit such a brutal crime.  No, that was not Jared.  It was a totally different person.  Everybody who knew Jared was in shock.  We just couldn’t believe it happened. 

                        He said, “Mom, I don’t know what was wrong with me.  I just felt so evil.”  This has happened to other families.  I’ve talked to many parents in similar situations, and they all say the same thing—that their nonviolent children became violent while on medication.  Jared was an extremely quiet and caring person.  He would never have done anything like that, ever. 

                        The doctor misled us.  He never warned us about the dangers of combining alcohol and this medication.  I believe he also should have tested Jared’s liver.  I think Jared has a missing enzyme in his liver because when he was arrested there was a very high level of Paxil in his system.  We believe that Jared could not metabolize this drug properly, and it built up in his system.  The doctor never warned us of the side effects of the drug, especially one that I learned about after the fact--homicidal tendencies.  This is written on the physician’s insert, but we did not get this information because the doctor gave us samples without instructions.  What is truly amazing is that the manufacturer has knowledge of Paxil’s potential to make people kill other people and tries to hide the fact by writing it in very small print way down at the bottom.  But it is there. 

My son now resides in a state prison here in California, serving a life sentence without parole.  He had never been in trouble before, had never been violent.  His life is over.  I realize that he took a life, but it never would have happened if he had never taken that drug.[lxxxv]

  Robert

                        My ex-wife was having trouble managing Ryan at home, so she took him to the local family physician and asked for Ritalin outright to see if it would improve his behavior at home.  The doctor agreed.  That’s what started him on the road to more drugs and worsening health.  

                        Part of Ryan’s problem was the fact that he had adverse reactions to the drugs.  Every time Ryan exhibited a side effect from a drug or change in dosage, the doctors would rediagnose Ryan with a new condition, using the DSM-4, and then prescribe more medications to try to treat the new condition, which, in turn, resulted in more side effects, which, in turn, resulted in a rediagnosis of more conditions.  It began a real vicious cycle that led to a lot of problems with Ryan after several years of enduring that kind of process.

                        One of the negative side effects of a lot of medications is reduced appetite.  Ritalin, in particular, suppresses appetite.  Ryan didn’t want to eat because he had no appetite.  When he was institutionalized, part of his “therapy” was known as wheelchair therapy.  They would restrain him in a wheelchair, to conserve his strength, and not let him get out of the chair, claiming it was for his own good.  They would tell him he was weak because he wouldn’t eat.  Therefore, he would have to stay confined to a wheelchair until he ate something.  They would make him stay there until he eventually ate something.  Sometimes this would go on for days because he had no appetite.  Then they would feed him intravenously.  And if he had any outbursts or other problems (again, largely due to the side effects of the medications and the changes in medications) he would be restrained.  He would be put in four-point restraints and sometimes left unattended for hours, perhaps even the better part of a day….He was on four or five drugs at one point in time.  And he was exhibiting the typical signs of a Parkinsonian-type disorder—tremors, slurred speech, shuffling gait, and edema. 

                        My current family and I became extremely concerned.  So we took legal action to try to get Ryan taken off of these drugs.  It’s a real difficult process to go through--not that it isn’t worth it because it absolutely is--but it’s an uphill battle every inch of the way.  People operate with a belief that doctors do the right things for the right reasons.  But in a lot of instances there’s no really good evidence to back that up.  My ex-wife, for example, placed a lot of faith in the medical establishment, thinking that these drugs were the silver bullets Ryan needed to lead a healthy and productive life.  She was so brainwashed that she could not grasp the obvious, that Ryan’s treatment was life- threatening.  In her denial, she would twist what she saw to support her point of view.  “Oh, look at this,” she would say, pointing to his edema.  “ It looks like he’s gaining some weight.” 

                        When I objected to what was happening, she immediately tried to strip me of my parental rights for interfering with his medical treatment practices.  That was the first battle I had to fight in court.  It took somewhere between six months and a year of effort to overcome that.  Once I overcame that hurdle, I was then able to get additional doctors to support our position, doctors whose beliefs are contrary to the mass medical beliefs that psychiatric diagnoses and drugs are the right way to treat a kid.  I was then able to get them to support our cause by talking to people, including the legal people who were working on the case.  Ryan had been given a court-appointed guardian to represent his interests because the judge felt that Ryan’s interests were not being represented fairly by myself or my ex-wife.  And we got lucky with her as well.  She had had medical training as a nurse and grasped fairly quickly the notion that Ryan’s life was in tremendous jeopardy at that point in time due to the drugs and treatment programs that he was under.  She became a strong advocate for getting him off the drugs as well….

                        This whole business of diagnosing children with psychiatric conditions constitutes medical fraud.  A really big issue is tied in to financial incentives.  I had a conversation with one of the psychiatrists at an institution my son was in.  He flat out told me that they get paid by the diagnosis.  That threw up a big, red flag for me because basically what it said is that in today’s society if you or a child you represent present to a psychiatrist, you’re very inclined to walk out of there with some sort of a diagnosis.  They’re going to talk to you for a few minutes, then whip open the DSM-4 and read through the pages to find some diagnosis that fits.  Everybody has a foot that will fit a shoe in the DSM-4.  And their treatment for all these diagnoses are prescription medications, anything from Prozac and Ritalin to some of the real heavy-duty ones…I think there’s a lot of fraud in this whole area because what they’re doing is perpetrating the notion that people have things wrong with them when, in fact, probably a large majority of them don’t.  And they’re also perpetrating the notion that these drugs are going to work when, in fact, they may or may not work.  In fact, they may be very life- threatening….If you read the Physicians’ Desk Reference, you will see how dangerous they are.  And most of them weren’t approved with anything more than a very minor testing and analysis in small focus groups.  They haven’t had a lot of time on the market.  They haven’t had a long time to see what their effects on people are going to be.[lxxxvi]

Arnel

                        My husband and I have three boys who are now 21, 17, and 15.  The community that we lived in had a very high consumption rate of Ritalin.  In fact, it had the highest consumption rate in the state.  And that was because of a doctor who operated an ADHD clinic, who said he had the condition himself.  It was really the ADD epicenter.  All three of my boys were considered at risk for this disorder, which is not unusual today because we’re literally at epidemic proportions in the United States. 

                        What happened in our situation was that at the end of my middle son’s kindergarten year his teacher approached us and said that he wasn’t reading as well as his classmates, that he wasn’t working to his potential, and that he seemed very distractible.  This teacher said that he was not unruly or rambunctious, but he just wasn’t doing very well.  She was very explicit and suggested that we seek out an ADD diagnosis.  She didn’t mention the medication, but she said, I think this is what your son has. 

                        We started to gather information.  We got some from the school district, which we later found out was supplied to the district through a certain pharmaceutical company.  I thought that was very interesting.  We read through it all.  The literature said that ADHD is due to a neurochemical imbalance.  So we started kicking this around and mulling it over. 

                        My son went on to first grade, and he still didn’t do real well.  He still wasn’t very interested in school.  Looking back, he had a regimented teacher that wanted the children to buckle down and study in first grade, which is okay to a point, but she was kind of a battle-axe teacher.  He went on to second grade.  And he did okay, although he still was not real interested in the academics of school.  He entered third grade and really started falling behind. 

                        I went to the pediatrician who did the evaluations.  The teacher and I also evaluated him by filling out a questionnaire about his activity level.  And he certainly fit the ADD profile.  He didn’t stay on task.  So we went ahead and, reluctantly, put him on Ritalin, about 20 mg a day.  And it was just in the morning because that’s when the kids did most of the academic work. 

                        People ask me now, did it help?  I honestly don’t know because we didn’t give it to him on the weekends, although a lot of people do because doctors say that the kids are learning 365 days a year.  I never really observed him on the medication, although I did observe him off the medication.  And unfortunately he had some very severe adverse drug reactions.  He had cardiac arrhythmia and very bad chest pains several times.  So that went on through third and fourth grade. 

                        Then in the fifth grade, his academics really started to fall apart.  So a teacher suggested putting him on Dexedrine.  Well, that lasted for three weeks because it kept him up until one o’clock every morning.  And it kept me up, too, trying to get him to go to sleep.  He just wasn’t tired.  And this was from the morning dose of the medication.  So I thought this was pretty powerful stuff. 

                        I started talking to a lot of parents.  My skepticism really started to surface about this because we would be at a soccer game or at some sort of a cocktail party, and it was really the talk of the town.  And I thought something seemed not right.  In fact, it seemed very wrong.  Then in ‘95 or ’96, I really started looking into this.  A very good book came out called, The Myth of the A.D.D. Child, by Dr. Thomas Armstrong.  Then there were certain articles that were coming out in magazines and newspapers.  I started reading some books by Dr. Peter Breggin, who’s written Talking Back to Ritalin, Toxic Psychiatry, and The War Against Children.  On the flip side, I started reading other articles that I considered to be very pro-diagnosis and pro-medication. 

                        Eventually, after the Dexedrine experience, I started to realize that it was an issue of underachievement, of underperformance.  And I could see that very readily with my oldest boy.  The district had approached us about him, too, telling us that they would really encourage an evaluation because he wasn’t doing well all though middle school.  Then he hit the ninth grade, and he took off.  He finally buckled down and started studying.  He saw some relevance to what he was learning; it suddenly became more meaningful and purposeful.  He did very well in high school, in the ninth through twelfth grades.  In fact, he went on to be the secretary of the National Honor Society at his school, graduated with honors, and is now an engineering major at a very good four-year college. 

                        My middle son is doing okay, too, although he hasn’t taken off academically like my other son did.  But who’s to say he should?  Just because children are not equal does not mean they are mentally disordered and that they need to be placed on Ritalin.  Now I can accept their differences.

                        I think you’ve got to be very, very careful about the information you get, to understand where your information is coming from.  I tend to tell parents that there are many well-intentioned people that have been very misinformed, basically lied to about ADHD and, more than that, the whole umbrella of learning disabilities.  Parents are told all kinds of things by different health care professionals, counselors, social workers, psychologists, and occupational therapists about what these disorders are.  And it really boils down to what your ideology is.  Whether you look at this as a neurochemical imbalance or as an environmental influence depends on whether you have a biological psychiatric point of view or a more psychosocial point of view. 

                        Much of the time they do not take sex differences between boys and girls into account.  It’s a generalization, but I think it’s true that boys tend to grow up later than girls. There’s not anything wrong with them.  It’s just that boys are in an educational system that demands the same of boys and girls.  The boys will get there.  They’re just slower to mature.[lxxxvii]

Joyce

                        My son started to exhibit behavior problems.  He would say things to me like, “I’m not going to live past 25.”  “I have nothing to live for.”  “You don’t know me.”  “This world is a terrible place.”  And he would also tell me, “It’s too hard to be a Christian.”  About six months later, we took him to a doctor, and my son was diagnosed with severe depression.  I was handed Zoloft pills and told that they would be safe.  There would be no side effects.  The medicine was even safe to take if the person were to use alcohol or combine the pills with another drug, I was told.  The doctor also told us that it would take two weeks before we would see any difference in his behavior.

                        Five days later, the incident happened.  My son shot and killed a woman during a robbery.  It didn’t make any sense because my son was, as the paper called him, the all-American kid.  He was a great kid until a few months before the incident…. 

I don’t think it’s a coincidence that five days after [my son started] the medication the shooting occurred.  My son had never been in such trouble for anything before this happened.  I do think he had fought sometimes, as a lot of teenage boys do.  But he had never done anything this horrendous. 

After the arrest, a neurologist performed a lot of medical tests on Brian and told us that he was depressed, with a mild brain abnormality.  He said that he had a bad reaction to the Zoloft, what they call akathisia, an inability to sit still that manifests as extreme agitation.  He also became manic, violently insane.  If you were to read about the side effects of these drugs, they have half a dozen listings of awful things that can happen from a bad reaction to the drug.  That tells me that the drugs could have been responsible for what happened to Brian. 

My son is not alone in how he reacted to this drug.  I know of two other families that just experienced the same thing.  Both children were 15-year-old boys.  One boy, from Tennessee, shot and killed his mother, and then put the gun in his mouth and shot himself….Another young man in Birmingham shot, stabbed, and buried his 17-year-old brother.  Both of these boys were medicated at the time….Today my son is in prison.  For his crime, he was given life without parole.”[lxxxviii]

Is This What We Want for Our Children?

An alien observer looking at the current drug situation in the United States would certainly be confused.  On the one hand we’re preaching drug avoidance to our youth.  On the other, we’re dosing a lot of them with mind-altering drugs, which, as we’ve just seen, can sometimes be tragically behavior-altering as well.

One of the results of our eagerness to fix problems with drugs is the widespread abuse of drugs that have been legally prescribed to children.  According to the DEA, Ritalin and other stimulants are among the most frequently stolen prescription medicines,[lxxxix] with the pills often crushed and snorted for an immediate high.  Ritalin is now a prime choice among the drugs abused on college campuses across the country.  High school students use it recreationally as well.  A 1997 Indiana University survey reported that nearly 7 percent of high school students had engaged in this practice.[xc]

It’s time to reassess what we want for our children.  Do we want to bring them up in a drug culture or not?  Do we want to mold them into the confines of our educational system, or do we want to fashion an education that will respond to their needs?  What are our criteria for a successful child?  And will we continue to label those who don’t meet these criteria as psychologically abnormal?  We’re sticking this label onto an awful lot of kids lately.

An important point was made in Contemporary Directions in Psychopathology, a textbook used to train psychiatrists.[xci]  It was stated that there was “evidence that the current psychiatric diagnosis system is a reflection of social, cultural developments rather than scientific data.”  The editor of this book, Gerald Clerman, also edited The Archives of General Psychiatry, and sat on the American Psychiatric Association’s task force for its diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, the “psychiatrist’s bible” of diagnostic labels.  So basically, in a totally “establishment” textbook, we have an admission that social and cultural expectations, rather than objective science, form the basis for the way we evaluate who is mentally abnormal.

We would do well to remember this—and then to rethink our penchant for labeling—before we prescribe any more brain-altering drugs to children.

ENDNOTES: 

[i] The Hoax of Learning and Behavior Disorders, Citizens Commission on Human Rights (pamphlet), Los Angeles, 2001.

[ii] Zito, Julie Magno, “Trends in the Prescribing of Psychotropic Medications to Preschoolers,” Journal of the American Medical Association, Feb. 23, 2000, Vol. 283, No. 8, pp. 1025-30.

[iii] West, Jean, “Children’s drug is more potent than cocaine,” The Observer, London, Sept. 9, 2001.

[iv] Graham, J.E., et al., “A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with depression.” Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1997; 54:1031-37.

[v] Breggin, Peter R., “Today’s Kids Suffer Legal Drug Abuse,” Newsday, Sept. 23, 1999, p. A53.

[vi] Gary Null interview with Dr. Fred Baughman, Feb. 12, 2001.

[vii] Conners, C. Keith, “Conners’ Parent Rating Scale—Revised (S),” Multi-Health Systems Inc., North Tonawanda, NY.

[viii] Heckman, Candace, “Kite-flying Franklin might have had disorder, educator says,” Philadelphia Inquirer, Nov. 1999.

[ix] Allee, Rod, “Do We Need to Drug So Many Kids Into Conformity?” The Record (New Jersey), Mar. 26, 2000, p. A-4.

[x] Armstrong, Thomas, The Myth of the A.D.D. Child, Dutton, New York, 1995, p. 15.

[xi] NIH Consensus Development Conference on ADHD (transcript), Nov. 16-18, 1998, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.

[xii] Armstrong, Thomas, op. cit., p. 8.

[xiii] “An interview with Judith Rapaport, M.D.,” CHADD newsletter, webmaster@chadd.org.

[xiv] DeGrandpre, Richard, Ritalin Nation, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1999, p. 160.

[xv] Stein, David, Ritalin Is Not the Answer: A Drug-Free Practical Program for Children Diagnosed with ADD or ADHD, Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, 1999. 

[xvi] Gary Null interview with Dr. David Stein, Feb. 13, 2001.

[xvii] Schaler, Jeffrey A., Addiction is a Choice, Open Court Publishing, Peru, Ill., 2000.

[xviii] Gary Null interview with Dr. Jeffrey Schaler, Feb. 13, 2001.

[xix] American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, revised (DSM-III-R), Washington, D.C., 1994.

[xx] Layton, Mary Jo, and Lindy Washburn, “‘Hyperactive’ Kids: Victims of a Plot?—Lawsuit Alleges Scheme to Sell Ritalin,” The Record (New Jersey), Oct. 1, 2000, p. A-1.

[xxi] Voreacos, David, and Mary Jo Layton, “2 Suits Target Maker of Ritalin—Allege Plot to Boost Sales,” The Record (New Jersey), Sept. 15, 2000, p. A-1.

[xxii] Layton, Mary Jo, and Lindy Washburn, “‘Hyperactive’ Kids: Victims of a Plot?—Lawsuit Alleges Scheme to Sell Ritalin,” The Record (New Jersey), Oct. 1, 2000, p. A-1.

[xxiii] Elkind, David, The Hurried Child, Addison-Wesley, New York, 1981.

[xxiv] Suriano, Robyn, “As kids get put on pills, critics fret,” Orlando Sentinel, Nov. 26, 2001.

[xxv] Gary Null interview with Dr. David Stein, Feb. 13, 2001.

[xxvi] Ibid.

[xxvii] Suriano, op. cit.

[xxviii] Harris, Gardiner, “Use of Mood-Altering Drugs to Control Toddlers’ Behavior Jumped in the ‘90s,” Wall Street Journal, Fed. 23, 2000.

[xxix] Zito, Julie Magno, “Trends in the Prescribing of Psychotropic Medications to Preschoolers,” Journal of the American Medical Association, Feb. 23, 2000, Vol. 283, No. 8, pp. 1025-30.

[xxx] Gary Null interview with Dr. Jeffrey Schaler, Feb. 13, 2001.

[xxxi] Robinson, Holly, “Generation Rx,” Parents, Nov. 2001, p. 82.

[xxxii] Kaiser, David, “Commentary: Against Biologic Psychiatry,” Psychiatric Times, CME Inc., webmaster@mhsource.com.

[xxxiii] O’Meara, Kelly Patricia, “Writing May Be on Wall for Ritalin,” Insight, Oct. 16, 2000, omeara@insightmag.com.

[xxxiv] Zernike, Kate, and Melody Peterson, “Schools’ Backing of Behavior Drugs Comes Under Fire,” The New York Times, Aug. 19, 2001.

[xxxv] Breggin, Peter R., Talking Back to Ritalin: What Doctors Aren’t Telling You About Stimulants for Children, Common Courage Press, Monroe, ME, 1998, p. 5.

[xxxvi] Sears, William, and Lynda Thompson, The A.D.D. Book: New Understandings, New Approaches to Parenting Your Child, Little, Brown and Co., New York, 1998, p. 234.

[xxxvii] Wurtzel, Elizabeth, “Adventures in Ritalin,” The New York Times, op-ed page, Apr. 2, 2000.

[xxxviii] Cherland, E., and Fitzpatrick, R., “Psychotic side effects of psychostimulants: a 5-year review,” Can. J. Psychiatry, Oct. 1999, 44(8):811-13.

[xxxix] Bell, D.S., “The Experimental Reproduction of Amphetamine Psychosis,” Archives of General Psychiatry, July 1973, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 35-45.

[xl] Lipkin, P.H., et al., “Tics and dyskinesias associated with stimulant treatment in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder,” Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med., Aug. 1994, 148(8):859-61.

[xli] Gerlach, J., et al., “Methylphenidate, apomorphine, THIP, and diazepam in monkeys…dopamine-GABA behavior related to psychoses and tardive dyskinesia,” Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 1984, 82(1-2): 131-4.

[xlii] Young, J.G., “Methylphenidate-induced hallucinosis: case histories and possible mechanisms of action,” J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr., June 1981, 2(2):35-8.

[xliii] Weiner, W.J., et al., “Methylphenidate-induced chorea: case report and pharmacological implications,” Neurology, Oct. 1978, 28(10): 1041-4.

[xliv] Silver, Larry B., Dr. Larry Silver’s Advice to Parents on Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, D.C., 1993, p. 189.

[xlv] Taylor, John F., Helping Your Hyperactive/Attention Deficit Child, Prima Publishing, Rocklin, CA, 1994, p. 87.

[xlvi] Sears, William, and Lynda Thompson, The A.D.D. Book: New Understandings, New Approaches to Parenting Your Child, Little, Brown and Co., New York, 1998, p. 235.

[xlvii] Taylor, John F., Helping Your Hyperactive/Attention Deficit Child, Prima Publishing, Rocklin, CA, 1994, p. 91.

[xlviii] Swanson, J.S., et al., “Stimulant medication and the treatment of children with attention deficit disorder: A Review of Reviews,” Exceptional Children, 1993, Vol. 60, pp. 154-61.

[xlix] Gary Null interview with Janet Hall, Feb.13, 2001.

[l] Ibid.

[li] Associated Press, “Ritalin Maker Sued Over Girl’s Death,” The Record (New Jersey), Jan. 9, 2000, p. A-3.

[lii] Gary Null interview with Janet Hall, Feb.13, 2001.

[liii] Gary Null interview with Dr. Dragovic, Feb.13, 2001.

[liv] Ibid.

[lv] Wang, G.J., et al., “Methylphenidate decreases regional cerebral blood flow in normal human subjects,” Life Sci., 1994, 54(9): PL143-6.

[lv] Wang, G.J., et al., “Methylphenidate decreases regional cerebral blood flow in normal human subjects,” Life Sci., 1994, 54(9): PL143-6.

[lvi] Suplee, Curt, “Brain not finished developing by age 6, scientists now say,” The Philadelphia Inquirer, Mar. 9, 2000.

[lvii] Henderson, T.A., and Fischer, V.W., “Effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on mammalian myocardial ultrastructure,” American Journal of Cardiovascular Pathology, 1995, 5(1): 68-78.

[lviii] Gary Null interview with Dr. Fred Baughman, Feb. 12, 2001.

[lix] Gary Null interview with Dr. David Stein, Feb. 13, 2001.

[lx] DeGrandpre, op. cit.

[lxi] Ibid., p. 19.

[lxii] Gary Null interview with Tammy Maria Kabiak, Feb. 12, 2001.

[lxiii] Wexler, Richard, Wounded Innocents: The Real Victims in the War Against Child Abuse, Prometheus Books, Amherst, NY 1995.

[lxiv] Gary Null interview with Richard Wexler, Feb. 12, 2001.

[lxv] Ibid. 

[lxvi] Gary Null interview with Nestor Sosa, Feb. 12, 2001.

[lxvii] Ibid.

[lxviii] Gary Null interview with Patty Johnson, Feb. 13, 2001.

[lxix] Ibid.

[lxx] Daly, Matthew, The Associated Press, Tampa Tribune, July 18, 2001.

[lxxi] Zernike, Kate, and Melody Peterson, “Schools’ Backing of Behavior Drugs Comes Under Fire,” The New York Times, Aug. 19, 2001.

[lxxii] Armstrong, op. cit.

[lxxiii] Ibid., p. xiii.

[lxxiv] Anderson, Nick, “Drugs for Kids Getting Closer Look,” The Record (New Jersey), Mar. 21, 2000, p. A-15.

[lxxv] Robinson, Holly, “Generation Rx,” Parents, Nov. 2001, p. 80.

[lxxvi] Breggin, Peter R., Talking Back to Prozac: What Doctors Aren’t Telling You About Today’s Most Controversial Drug, St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1994, p. 89.

[lxxvii] Jerome, Laurence, The Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Sept. 1991.

[lxxviii] Boseley, Sarah, “Happy drug Prozac can bring on impulse to suicide, study says,” The Guardian (U.K.), May 22, 2000.

[lxxix] “Newest Depression Medications Widely Prescribed for Children,” Pediatric Academic Societies, May 1, 1999.

[lxxx] Breggin, Peter R., Talking Back to Prozac: What Doctors Aren’t Telling You About Today’s Most Controversial Drug, St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1994, p. 36. 

[lxxxi] Ibid., p. 55.

[lxxxii] Gary Null interview with Dr. Ann Blake Tracy, Feb. 27, 2001.

[lxxxiii] Ibid.

[lxxxiv] Glenmullen, Joseph, Prozac Backlash, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2000.

[lxxxv] Gary Null interview with Brenda, Feb. 27, 2001.

[lxxxvi] Gary Null interview with Robert, Feb. 27, 2001

[lxxxvii] Gary Null interview with Arnel, June 7, 2001.

[lxxxviii] Gary Null interview with Joyce, Feb. 27, 2001.

[lxxxix] Zernike, Kate, and Melody Peterson, “Schools’ Backing of Behavior Drugs Comes Under Fire,” The New York Times, Aug. 19, 2001.

[xc] Ziegler, Nicole, “Recreational Ritalin,” The Associated Press, abcNEWS.com, May 5, 2000.

[xci] Clerman, G., ed., Contemporary Directions in Psychopathology, 1986.

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