From: Subject: Skull and Bones White Paper Date: Mon, 25 Mar 2002 19:09:51 -0800 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.parascope.com/articles/0997/whitepaper.htm X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2600.0000 Skull and Bones White Paper

[The following is from a "white paper" = written for=20 Japanese readership. The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect = the=20 views of ParaScope or its editors]



George = Bush,=20 Skull & Bones and the New World Order


Paul=20 Goldstein
Jeffrey Steinberg



George Bush, Skull = &=20 Bones and the New World Order

A New American View --=20 International Edition White Paper


April=20 1991



TABLE OF=20 CONTENTS

Introdu=
ction .............................ii


The Order of Skull & Bones.......... ......2

Initiation and Ritual......................7

The Spartan Model ........................10

Henry Stimson: Master Bonesman............13

Stimson's Kindergarten and the Cold War...16

Vietnam: The Bonesmen's Debacle.......... 19

Bush in Profile...........................23

The Order's Network.......................25

The New World Order.......................28

The Persian Gulf War......................31

Implications for Japan ...................34

Bibliography..............................38

Some Prominent Members....................39

Selected Quotations.......................43





Introduction

This special = report is=20 intended to assist the Japanese audience in more fully understanding the = present=20 policies of the United States under the administration of President = George Bush.=20 It explains the thinking behind America's military adventure in the = Persian Gulf=20 and its current attitudes toward the Middle East region.

In so = doing, we=20 provide a glimpse into the most powerful organization in America--the = Order of=20 Skull & Bones. This secret fraternity is based at Yale University in = New=20 Haven, Connecticut, where many of the leading members of the U.S. = government and=20 the American intelligence community received their formal education. The = Order,=20 as it is referred to by its members, is a bastion of White Anglo Saxon=20 Protestant (WASP) culture, which is at the core of the American 20th = century=20 outlook.

The reader will learn that President George Herbert = Walker=20 Bush's concept of the New World Order is an old idea, one which has its = origins=20 in the philosophy and beliefs of the secret Skull & Bones = fraternity. Today=20 in particular, this is the prevailing outlook of the U.S. government, = many of=20 whose most influential members, like the president himself, are part of = the=20 Skull & Bones network. These men seek to recreate the American = imperium of=20 the immediate post-World War II period, an era which President Bush = frequently=20 refers to as "the American Century."

The powerful men of Skull = &=20 Bones genuinely believe that they have a strategic and moral "right" to = control=20 world affairs. Consequently, they take upon themselves the authority to = crush=20 any rivalrous threat to U.S. imperial leadership, whether by current = allies,=20 such as Japan, Germany or Great Britain, or by Cold War adversaries, = like the=20 Soviet Union. The members of the Order, due to their narrow WASP = upbringing,=20 view with particular suspicion the maneuverings of Zionist Israel and = its=20 affluent, influential lobby in the United States.

Bush, his = fellow=20 Bonesmen and their like-thinking elitist allies in the American = Establishment=20 see themselves as New World Order warriors, an American samurai caste of = sorts,=20 whose mission is restoring American greatness. They intend to utilize = the=20 institutional networks of the U.S. government and key private agencies, = such as=20 the New York Council on Foreign Relations, to advance their = purpose.

The=20 Skull & Bones members believe in the idea of "constructive chaos." = By=20 keeping their true policy intentions secret, by constantly sending out = mixed=20 signals on all critical policy issues, they consciously seek to sow = confusion=20 among both their nominal "friends" and "enemies" alike.

The = fulcrum for=20 the policy of constructive chaos is, at present, the Middle East = situation.=20 Although U.S. military action in the region has for the time being = subsided,=20 America's military power will remain a critical determinant in the = future of=20 that vital zone of conflict. American military power is aimed at = securing=20 undisputed control over the vast reservoir of oil -- not at necessarily=20 fostering any permanent alignment of local states or combinations of = regional=20 interests.

If President George Bush and his fellow true believers = are=20 successful, the United States will be first among equals in the New = World Order.=20 This is their goal. It is also the quest of the Bonesmen of the Order of = Skull=20 & Bones -- America's warrior aristocracy.


THE ORDER OF SKULL & = BONES

Skull=20 & Bones was founded at Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut in = 1832. It is=20 the oldest and most prestigious of Yale's seven secret societies. Among = the=20 others are: Scroll & Key, Book & Snake, Wolf's Head, Eliahu, and = Berzelius. These fraternities serve as a recruiting ground for young men = destined for careers in government, law, finance and other influential = sectors=20 of American life. Skull & Bones is the elite of the elite among = these secret=20 societies. Only Scroll & Key can claim a near equal influence on = American=20 affairs over the past 160 years.

Unlike the Greek fraternities on = most=20 other American university campuses, Skull & Bones and its similar = secret=20 societies exist exclusively at Yale. They are not part of any nationwide = public=20 association. The other elite Ivy League colleges, Harvard and Princeton = have=20 similar exclusive secret societies. Yet, even among these few = universities, the=20 secret societies of Yale -- led by Skull & Bones -- are unchallenged = in=20 their influence on American political affairs.

According to some=20 accounts, the Skull & Bones secret society at Yale has an = underground=20 affiliation with two other societies which were simultaneously founded = at two=20 other locations. The number "322" that appears under the skull and = crossbones on=20 the Order's emblem is believed to indicate the year of its founding -- = 1832 --=20 and the fact that it is the second lodge within an international system. = By some=20 accounts, the lodge holding the number "1" is in Germany and the lodge = numbered=20 "3" is based at another American college.

Since its founding, = Skull &=20 Bones has only inducted about 2,500 members. At any given time, only = about 600=20 or so members of the Order are alive. This small number underscores the=20 tremendous concentration of power in the hands of its members.

If = the=20 members of Skull & Bones were to select a Hall of Fame from among = their own=20 elite ranks, some of the people whose names would almost certainly = appear at the=20 top of the list would be:

  • Alphonso Taft, a founding member of the Order who served as the = Secretary=20 of War under President Rutherford B. Hayes (1876-1880).=20
  • William Howard Taft, the only man to ever serve as both the = President of=20 and Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.=20
  • Henry Lewis Stimson, partner in the Wall Street law firm of Root = and=20 Stimson, Secretary of War under President Taft (1908-1912), Governor = General=20 of the Philippines (1926-1928), Secretary of State under President = Herbert=20 Hoover (1929-1933) and Secretary of War under Presidents Franklin = Delano=20 Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman (1940-1946).=20
  • Averell Harriman, investment banker with Brown Brothers Harriman, = director=20 of the Lend-Lease program of the U.S. State Department (1941-1942), = U.S.=20 Ambassador to the Soviet Union (1943-1946), Governor of New York, = Under=20 Secretary of State for Asia (1961-1963), and presidential secret envoy = to=20 Soviet leaders Stalin, Krushchev, Brezhnev and Andropov.=20
  • Robert Lovett, partner in Brown Brothers Harriman, Assistant = Secretary of=20 War for Air (1941-1945), Deputy Secretary of Defense, Secretary of = Defense=20 (1950), leading member of the New York Council on Foreign Relations.=20
  • Harold Stanley, investment banker, founder of Morgan Stanley.=20
  • Robert A. Taft, United States Senator (1938-1950).=20
  • Prescott Bush, investment banker and partner in Brown Brothers = Harriman,=20 United States Senator from Connecticut, father of George Herbert = Walker Bush=20
  • George Herbert Walker Bush, United States Congressman (1964-1970), = Chairman of the Republican National Committee, United States = Ambassador to the=20 United Nations, first American Diplomatic Liaison to the Peoples = Republic of=20 China, Director of the Central Intelligence Ageney (1975-1977). Vice = President=20 of the United States (1980-1988), President of the United States = (1988- ).=20
  • John Thomas Daniels, agro-industrialist, founder of Archer Daniels = Midland.=20
  • Hugh Wilson, foreign service officer, Counselor to Japan (1911- = 1921),=20 U.S. Minister to Switzerland (1924-1927), Assistant Secretary of State = (1937-1938). Ambassador to Germany 1938), Special Assistant to the = Secretary=20 of State (1939-1941), Office of Strategic Services (1941-1945) =
The=20 members of the Order of Skull & Bones, true to their firm belief in=20 "constructive confusion," have intentionally allowed a series of = conflicting=20 mythologies to spring up about the origins and history of their secret=20 fraternity. According to one version of the Order's founding, it was an=20 outgrowth of an earlier British or Scottish freemasonic grouping first=20 established at All Soul's College at Oxford University in the late 17th = century.=20 Another version of the history of Skull & Bones is that it grew out = of the=20 German "nationalistic" secret .societies of the early 19th century. = Still a=20 third explanation is that Skull & Bones is an uniquely American = institution=20 which adopted some of the rituals of European freemasonry, but molded = these=20 rituals and beliefs into a new form.

Regardless of these = conflicting=20 accounts, it can be stated with certainty that the Order was first = established=20 on the Yale campus in 1832 It was officially incorporated only in 1856 = under the=20 name Russell Trust Association. According to virtually all the available = biographical data on its early members, the money required to sustain = the secret=20 order's campus affairs and its broader role in placing its members into = key=20 positions of influence upon their graduation from Yale, derived from the = opium=20 trade in the Far East. That trade was set up by the British East India = Company=20 and was flourishing by the time the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783 = ending=20 the American War for Independence. The East India Company during this = period was=20 controlled by the Baring Brothers Bank (Toward the closing decades of = the 17th=20 century, the British House of Rothschild would supplant the Baring = Brothers as=20 the controlling financial interests in the China opium = trade.

Through the=20 sponsorship of the Barings and also the Rothschilds, a number of leading = New=20 England families, some of whom had sided with Great Britain during the = American=20 Revolution, were brought into the opium trade as junior partners. These = merchant=20 families ran fleets of clipper ships and became in many cases fabulously = wealthy=20 as the result of their association with the British East India Company. = Among=20 these key New England merchant families were: Cabot, Coolidge, Forbes,=20 Higginson, Sturgis, Lodge, Lowell, Perkins and Russell.

These New = England=20 merchant families founded the United Fruit Company and the Bank of = Boston. The=20 founding families of Skull & Bones included the Russell and Perkins=20 families, Over several generations, however, all these families heavily=20 intermarried and became, in effect, one extended power = grouping.

William=20 Huntington Russell incorporated Skull & Bones as the Russell Trust=20 Association. Throughout the 20th century, the Russell Trust Association = listed=20 the New York City headquarters of Brown Brothers Harriman as its=20 address.

Russell was valedictorian of his class at Yale in 1833. = He and=20 his Skull & Bones comrades considered themselves to be a special = elite among=20 the merchant banking and Puritan pilgrim elite of Yale. They took the = Puritan=20 beliefs of the early New England settlers, that they were "elected by = God," and=20 pre-ordained to rule North America.

The founding of Yale College = in 1701=20 pre-dates the American Revolution by several generations. Many of the = founders=20 of Yale were righteous men of the Puritan heritage who devoutly believed = in God=20 and country. Some of these patriotic souls later made up the core of = Benjamin=20 Franklin's political coalition which ultimately broke with the mother = country,=20 Great Britain. Many graduates of Yale were active in the American = Revolution and=20 the founding of the United States.

Two critics of the Order, = historian=20 Antony Sutton and investigative journalist Ron Rosenbaum (himself a Yale = graduate), both concluded that Skull & Bones has degenerated since = its=20 founding and has taken on more of the occult and ritualistic trappings = of the=20 majority of European freemasonic and Illuminati secret societies. Sutton = charges=20 that the Order is secretly known among its initiates as the "Brotherhood = of=20 Death" and has become an evil instrument in the hands of America's = secret power=20 elite. Rosenbaum claims that the society's Germanic origins are = inherently=20 wicked and pre-Nazi.

In a long 1977 article in Esquire magazine,=20 Rosenbaum charged that the Skull & Bones building on the Yale campus = houses=20 remnants from Hitler's private collection of silver. While these stories = cannot=20 be dismissed out of hand, it must be noted that authors Rosenbaum and = Sutton may=20 be biased. As a young Jewish student at Yale, Rosenbaum was almost = automatically=20 excluded on religious grounds from the inner sanctum of the campus's = secret=20 societies. Sutton, a British-born eccentric historian, proudly admits = his strong=20 British biases, frequently citing philosopher John Stuart Mill as the = spiritual=20 mentor in his book on the Order.

Despite the possible personal = biases in=20 these two accounts of the history of the Order of Skull & Bones, it = must be=20 acknowledged that the membership of the society has tended over = generations to=20 converge upon a small group of New England families who have = intermarried and=20 then sponsored their sons and nephews into the Order. This kind of = inbreeding=20 always tends to produce narrow-mindedness and prejudice against = outsiders, which=20 can be a serious shortcoming, particularly among individuals responsible = for=20 charting the course of a nation as powerful as the United = States.

It can=20 be documented by comparing the family charts of the early Bonesmen that = there is=20 today a core group of no more than 20 to 30 families who form the = nucleus of the=20 Order. The majority are old-line Puritan families who came to North = America in=20 the very first wave of settlers in the 17th century. Among these = prominent=20 families are: Whitney, Lord, Phelps. Wadsworth, Allen, Bundy, Adams, = Stimson,=20 Taft, Gilman and Perkins. A second group of families in the Skull & = Bones=20 core earned fabulous fortunes during the 18th and 19th centuries and = thus won a=20 rite of passage into the New England elite, even though they were not = among the=20 earliest settlers. The leading Skull & Bones families in this second = category are: Harriman, Rockefeller, Payne, Davison, Pillsbury and=20 Weyerhauser.

A few of the Jewish banking families who made their = way from=20 Germany to the United States during the 18th and l9th centuries were = eventually=20 granted limited access to the WASP inner sanctums. Some families, like = the=20 Schiff, Warburg, Guggenheim and Meyer families, were unofficially = designated as=20 intermediaries between the New England WASPs and their cousins in = London. This=20 was especially true after the Rothschild interests supplanted the = Anglican=20 Baring group as the most powerful financial cabal in the City of London. = Some of=20 these German Jewish families became so absorbed into the WASP or = Anglican=20 society that they eventually converted from Judaism to Protestantism and = were=20 gradually ostracized from the Jewish aristocracy.

The WASP = families,=20 however, never saw the prominent Jewish investment banking families of = America=20 as equals. The Jews were considered politically and culturally different = by the=20 WASPs, and have never been accepted into the latter's inner circle. For = the most=20 part, these Jewish merchant bankers are viewed with suspicion and = distrust by=20 the members of the Order. Moreover, the Jewish fraternal societies, such = as=20 B'nai B'rith, were formed out of the British-based Scottish Rite = Freemasonry.=20 Their sponsors in America, the Rothschilds and the Cecil Rhodes Trust = (also=20 known as the British Round Table Group), are connected with the British = Foreign=20 Office and its secret intelligence apparatus.


INITIATION AND RITUAL

To be = initiated=20 into the Order of Skull & Bones, one must endure a ritual of = selection=20 called "tapping". It is conducted by 15 senior classmen of Yale = University who=20 make up the current membership of the secret society. They select 15 = members of=20 the junior class to be the Bonesmen the following year. Historically, = Skull=20 & Bones kept blacks, Jews and all other non-WASPs from its ranks. = Within the=20 last 30 years, however, token members from these groups have been = occasionally=20 selected to join. Thus, in the most recent list of initiates to the = Order, there=20 is one Yalie with a Jewish surname and even one with a Chinese name. = According=20 to author Rosenbaum, in recent years, the Order has inducted members of=20 homosexual rights groups on the campus into its ranks.

Among the=20 criterion for selection -- apart from family ties to the order, which = has always=20 been an important factor -- is what is referred to by historians and = members as=20 the "Three Ordeals." These ordeals are intended to measure the = prospective=20 Bonesman's ability to "make it" in the world beyond the university=20 campus.

The first ordeal is boarding school. The overwhelming = majority of=20 Bonesmen, given their wealthy blueblood family pedigrees, attend one of = the=20 prestigious New England preparatory schools, i.e, private high schools. = (Whereas=20 a large number of the most elite of the Harvard University students = attend=20 Groton, a school with close ties to the Anglican-Episcopal Church, where = they=20 receive a thoroughly Anglophilic education, the preferred prep schools = for the=20 future Bonesmen are the two Puritan Calvinist-sponsored Phillips=20 Academies.)

The second of the ordeals is that of nature. The = prospective=20 Bonesmen are judged on their skills as outdoorsmen. Hunting in the New = England=20 countryside or, better yet, traveling to distant locations like Africa, = the=20 jungles of South America or even the American badlands of the Plains = states, is=20 a prerequisite for admission to the Spartan elite ranks of the = Order.

The=20 third of the ordeals is war. The experience of combat during wartime is=20 considered to be of special significance for the Bonesmen, who see = themselves as=20 the elite of the New England WASP warrior caste. Many Yale Bonesmen of = President=20 George Bush's generation, as the result of the outbreak of World War II, = went=20 directly from prep school into the military service prior to their = entering=20 Yale. For a majority of Bonesmen, the preferred military service has=20 historically been with the U.S. Navy. During World II the Naval air corp = was a=20 particularly important track for future Bones initiates. In peacetime,=20 participation at Yale in military officer's training is desirable but = not=20 essential. The commitment to enter some branch of the military upon = graduation=20 is viewed with favor.

After the formal selection of the next = group of=20 prospective Bonesmen, there is an invitation followed by a formal = initiation=20 ceremony. First the 15 senior class members who are the members of the = Order=20 select a group of junior class members who are to be "tapped" for Skull = &=20 Bones. A group of Bonesmen proceed to the dormitory room of the = "tappee." Upon=20 reaching the door, they pound loudly. When the prospective member opens = the=20 door, a Bonesman will tap him on the shoulder and yell, "Skull and = Bones: Do you=20 accept?" If the candidate accepts, a message wrapped with a black ribbon = sealed=20 by black wax with the skull and crossbones emblem and the mystical Bones = number=20 322 is handed to the "tappee." The message appoints a time and a place = for the=20 candidate to appear on initiation night. Candidates are instructed to = wear no=20 metal objects or clothing.

According to a 1940 Skull & Bones=20 document, the initiation ceremony involves the following kinds of = things: "New=20 man placed in coffin -- carried into central part of building. New man = chanted=20 over and reborn into society. Removed from coffin and given robes with = symbols=20 on it. A bone with his name on it is tossed into the bone heap at the = start of=20 every meeting."

Within the Skull & Bones Crypt, also known as = "the=20 Tomb," there is what is referred to as a "sacred room" with the number = 322, On=20 the arched wall about the vault entrance is inscribed in German: "Who = was the=20 fool, who was the wise man, beggar or king? Whether poor or rich, all's = the same=20 in death."

This quotation from a German Freemasonic ritual = remains a=20 source of controversy surrounding the origins of Skull & Bones. It = is one of=20 the bits of "evidence" cited by some of the Order's most ardent critics = that the=20 group is "Nazi like" and singularly "Germanic". In fact, the rituals of = the=20 Order are very much like the rituals employed by Scottish and English=20 freemasonic lodges.

Some of the mystery and confusion surrounding = these=20 occult symbols and rituals is intentionally fostered by the Order = itself. Among=20 the principles taught to the members of the Yale secret society are the = value of=20 ambiguity and secrecy. These values are not taught as part of a purely = mystical=20 or occult quasi-religion. They are taught as valuable tools to be = applied by the=20 Bonesmen when they leave the insulated environment of the Yale campus = and become=20 officials of government, the intelligence community, the military or the = private=20 sector.

A careful study of the often confusing and = self-contradictory=20 behavior and public statements of President Bush and his closest = advisers=20 throughout the months of the Persian Gulf crisis of last year and war = that=20 followed offers a valuable example of how ambiguity and secrecy are = applied by=20 Bonesmen.

For the initiates of the Order, the question of whether = secrecy=20 and ambiguity are used for the purpose of accomplishing "good" or "evil" = is of=20 secondary importance. Secrecy and ambiguity are essential instruments = for=20 wielding power. The effective wielding of power is one of the = overarching goals=20 of all Bonesmen. The secret ties built up during the Bonesmen's senior = year of=20 active membership in the Order are maintained for life. Those ties link = each=20 Bonesman to every other initiate, especially to those initiates who were = members=20 of the Order in the same year.

Thus, every member of Skull & = Bones=20 is, in real and practical terms, part of a small elite group of young = Yale=20 graduates -- most from wealthy and powerful WASP families -- who enter = the world=20 of politics, business, finance, intelligence or education and who = proceed to=20 make their mark on the world.

According to several sources, = President=20 George Bush to this day frequently consults with several of his fellow = Yale=20 Bonesmen, and has, on occasion, called upon Skull & Bones members to = carry=20 out secret diplomatic missions for the White House.


THE SPARTAN MODEL

These rites = of passage=20 into the upper ranks of the WASP Establishment are capped by the = experience the=20 Bonesmen go through in their final year at Yale -- the year in which = they=20 actively participate in the Order. For the vast majority of the = initiates, the=20 process of inculcation with the ideas of WASP supremacy, an American = Calvinist=20 version of what British imperialist writer Rudyard Kipling called the = "White=20 Man's Burden," began at prep school.

According to the = biographical=20 accounts of a number of the leading Bonesmen, the prep school experience = is=20 paramount. At prep school, intellectual pursuits are encouraged, but = special=20 emphasis is also placed on athletic performance. Future Yale Bonesmen = are=20 expected to excel in some team sport, such as baseball and football, = both=20 American inventions. (Members of Skull & Bones were involved in the=20 development of both games.) Team sports supposedly prepare the future = Bonesman=20 to accept leadership responsibility, and more importantly, teach him to = "respect=20 the rules of the game."

According to one biographer, when George = Bush was=20 a Yale undergraduate he was a member of the university baseball team. = Although=20 he was apparently not a very good baseball player, he eventually became = captain=20 of the Yale team. One day during the Yale baseball season, he excitedly = visited=20 his mother to proudly proclaim that he had hit his first home run. She=20 reportedly looked back at him with patrician coolness, and asked, "Yes, = George,=20 but did your team win the game?"

The particular emphasis on team = sports=20 during the prep school and Yale years is, according to several = historians, part=20 of the Spartan training that is so essential to the Skull & Bones=20 philosophy. In the world of Skull & Bones, one of the greatest = virtues is=20 the ability to steer the nation into war and to successfully prosecute = the=20 war.

To the Bonesmen, the use of military power is a natural and=20 essential corollary to political power. The Bonesmen are taught that, = although=20 ideas have their place, to truly transform history, military force is = almost=20 always required. Critics of the Order have pointed out that this = philosophy of=20 power and the imperial use of military force comes straight from the = chronicles=20 of the Roman Empire -- especially the Roman Empire during its phase of = decline=20 and collapse.

The criticism may prove to be most prophetically = true of=20 the current generation of Bonesmen who are leading the United States = under the=20 presidency of George Bush. During the final phase of the Roman Empire, = legions=20 were deployed out around the world to conquer and subjugate vast = territories,=20 while back in Rome, there was a breakdown, a crisis in which the entire = social=20 and cultural fabric of the early Roman republic was eroding and giving = way to=20 something akin to the drug, rock-sex counterculture of today. The Roman = imperial=20 policy of attempting to gloss over the decadence at home by engaging in = constant=20 wars of expansion led ultimately to the total collapse of = Rome.

In this=20 regard, the Spartan-Roman imperial outlook of the American WASP warrior = caste,=20 exemplified by Skull & Bones, cannot be precisely compared to the = Japanese=20 samurai code of Bushido. The Japanese Bushido code emphasized honor = among the=20 warriors and presumed a fundamentally moral or ethical vision of the=20 world.

No such emphasis on morality and honor exists in the code = of Skull=20 & Bones. On the contrary, the Skull & Bones philosophy, = according to=20 several of its most astute critics and historians, emphasizes the = "double-cross=20 system." The "double-cross" is symbolically represented by the = crossbones on the=20 emblem of the Order. According to this philosophy, anyone who is not an = initiate=20 is inferior, and can be lied to and manipulated to further the power of = the WASP=20 Establishment. To the extent that Japanese leaders view their American = WASP=20 counterparts as men of honor whose word is sacred and whose intentions = are=20 presumed to be virtuous, they will miss the fundamental character of the = American imperium. This is of special importance today, with a leading = member of=20 the Skull & Bones system occupying the White House.

Skull = & Bones=20 philosophy first manifested itself at the American national political = level in=20 the late l9th century. At that time, the men of the Order adopted all = the=20 critical features of the British imperial system, especially the belief = in the=20 Anglo Saxon God-given right to rule over all the other races. Even = countries=20 like Japan, which were never colonial possessions of the Anglo-American=20 combination, were viewed as inferior nations to be treated no = differently from=20 the colonies in Africa, India or Latin America.

In 1898, = President=20 William McKinley, one of the last of the American presidents to manifest = any of=20 the early republican (anti-British imperialism) traditions of the = Founding=20 Fathers, was under enormous pressure from the Skull & Bones-led = American=20 imperialists. Eventually, he went to war against Spain to "free" Cuba = and seize=20 the Philippines. This was the first time that the United States entered = a war=20 through devious manipulation and purely in order to expand its = territories. It=20 marked the beginning of a new epoch in American history which would = forever=20 alter the vision of the United States. It was the first evidence that = the men of=20 the Order were at the helm of the ship of state.

President = McKinley's=20 capitulation to the WASP warriors would prove to be fatal to himself = and, some=20 would say, for his country, too. The Spanish-American War of 1898 = catapulted the=20 Skull & Bones crowd into a position of dominance within the = Republican=20 Party. At the 1900 party presidential nominating convention, McKinley = was forced=20 to accept Teddy Roosevelt as his vice presidential running mate. The=20 McKinley-Roosevelt slate was swept into office, in part as the result of = the=20 jingoist climate built up by the just-concluded Spanish-American War. = Those=20 circumstances were not all that different from the mood that prevails in = America=20 in the aftermath of the Gulf War of 1991.

Within months of his=20 inauguration of 1901, President McKinley was assassinated by an = anarchist while=20 traveling through Buffalo, New York. Thus, Teddy Roosevelt became = president, and=20 the Order of Skull & Bones for the first time moved into the White = House.=20 Roosevelt surrounded himself with Bonesmen. His successor in 1908, = William=20 Howard Taft, was himself a second generation member of Skull &=20 Bones.


HENRY STIMSON: = MASTER=20 BONESMAN

According to a January 1991 article by = the=20 Washington syndicated columnists Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, when = President=20 George Bush was making his final decision to use military force to crush = Saddam=20 Hussein and decimate Iraq, he spent most of the Christmas holidays = closeted at=20 Camp David reading a newly published biography of one of his true = heroes, fellow=20 Skull & Bones initiate Henry Stimson. While most White House = advisers=20 thought that the gulf crisis would be ultimately resolved through = diplomacy,=20 unbeknownst to them, President Bush had already decided on the use of=20 devastating military force -- regardless of what measures the world = community or=20 the Iraqi leaders took to avert war. Intimate Bush advisers described = the=20 president as being in a "mesmerized" state of mind as he walked around = the=20 presidential retreat in the Maryland mountains with his Stimson = biography, "The=20 Colonel: The Life and Wars of Henry Stimson," under his arm at all=20 times.

Indeed, for most contemporary Bonesmen, Henry Lewis = Stimson, the=20 quintessential WASP warrior, was the very personification of the Order's = full=20 ascent to power during the period of World War II.

A member of = the=20 Order's class of 1888, Stimson served seven U.S. presidents: Theodore = Roosevelt,=20 William Howard Taft (a fellow Bonesman), Woodrow Wilson, Calvin = Coolidge,=20 Herbert Hoover, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry S Truman. As the = Secretary=20 of War under FDR and Truman, Stimson oversaw the Manhattan Project, = which=20 developed the atomic bomb. Stimson personally decided on the use of that = devastating weapon against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and = Nagasaki. Years=20 earlier, as the chairman of the American delegation at the London Naval=20 Conference and as Secretary of State under President Hoover (1929-1933), = Stimson=20 had played a pivotal role in restricting the size of the Japanese = Imperial Navy.=20 He would be an architect of the FDR 's administration's economic = provocations=20 against Japan which ultimately helped induce Japan into the attack at = Pearl=20 Harbor, thus bringing the United States formally into World War II. And = Stimson=20 was also ultimately responsible for the FDR administration's decision to = intern=20 the Nisei (Japanese-Americans) after Pearl Harbor.

Yet, it was = also=20 Stimson who ordered American bombers to refrain from attacking the old = Japanese=20 imperial capital of Kyoto, a city rich in religious and historical = tradition and=20 artifacts. And, according to at least one of Stimson's biographers, it = was also=20 "the Colonel" who decided at the close of the war that the Japanese = emperor=20 should not be deposed. His sensitivity to Japanese culture and the = importance of=20 allowing Japan to retain honor even in defeat is widely to his close = adviser,=20 Joseph Grew, a longtime U.S. ambassador to Japan and an accomplished = historian.=20 Whether this report of Stimson's involvement in the decision to maintain = the=20 emperor is accurate or whether it underplays the role of Gen. Douglas = MacArthur,=20 the fact remains certain that Stimson was the key policymaker overseeing = the=20 postwar occupations of both Japan and Germany.

To fully = understand=20 President George Bush's attitudes and policies toward Japan, one must = first=20 appreciate the overarching influence that Stimson had on the current = occupant of=20 the White House.

According to his British biographer Geofrey = Hodgson,=20 Stimson's membership in Skull & Bones was "the most important = educational=20 experience in his life." Unlike most of his fellow Bonesmen, Stimson = earned his=20 membership solely on the basis of his achievements at Yale -- not = through family=20 money. His parents were not wealthy, although his forefathers did come = to=20 America as early Puritan colonists. But Stimson made up for his lack of=20 financial credentials by his fierce competitive spirit. As he himself = put it,=20 the "idea of a struggle for prizes, so to speak, has always been one of = the=20 fundamental elements of my mind, and I can hardly conceive of what my = feelings=20 would be if I ever was put in a position or situation in life where = there are no=20 prizes to struggle for."

Although Stimson did not come from = classic=20 blueblood background, he married into wealth and power. His wife, Mabel = White,=20 came from a prominent Establishment family with longstanding ties to the = Order.=20 Thus, upon graduation from law school, Stimson became a partner in the = law firm=20 of Eliahu Root, President Theodore Roosevelt's Secretary of = War.

Although=20 Stimson and Roosevelt would have a falling out in later years, early on=20 Roosevelt and Root provided "the Colonel" with the critical sponsorship = and=20 training required to succeed in the world of Establishment politics. = According=20 to Stimson's biographers, Roosevelt would frequently taunt the young = Bonesman=20 about the fact that he, unlike the president, had never been in the = military or=20 fought in any wars. (Roosevelt had resigned as Under Secretary of the = Navy to go=20 off and fight in the Spanish-American War.) Thus, at the ripe old age of = 44,=20 Stimson joined the Army during World War I and served in the American=20 Expeditionary Force in Europe.

Among the other lasting interests = that=20 Roosevelt would pass on to Stimson was his deep passion for the Pacific. = Roosevelt was convinced that America's imperial destiny was dependent = upon its=20 domination of the Pacific Ocean and the Far East. The Spanish-American = War,=20 which marked the beginning of America's imperial phase -- and the = virtual=20 abandonment of the republican principles upon which the nation had been = founded=20 -- began the U.S. colonial occupation of the Philippines, which would = continue=20 through half of the next century. Ultimately, Stimson would himself = serve as the=20 American Governor General of the islands.

In 1900, Roosevelt = wrote to=20 Stimson: "Our people are neither craven nor weaklings, as we face the = future=20 high of heart and confident of soul, eager to do the great work of a = great=20 power... wish to see the United States the dominant power on the Pacific = Ocean."=20


STIMSON'S KINDERGARTEN = AND THE COLD=20 WAR

Henry Stimson's towering influence on George = Bush and=20 many other current members and like-thinking allies of the Order was = based not=20 only on "the Colonel's" lifetime of achievements. It was also rooted in = the fact=20 that Stimson used the World War II period to groom a successor = generation of=20 young WASP warriors who would dominate American policymaking during the = Cold War=20 and beyond. Although not every member of what came to be known as the = "Stimson's=20 Kindergarten" was a member of Skull & Bones, or even a Yale = graduate, many=20 were. All were inculcated with the Skull & Bones philosophy and = methodology=20 of wielding power. It is through this alliance and patronage system that = the=20 influence of the Order has been extended far beyond its small membership = roster.

Among the leading members of the "Stimson Kindergarten"=20 were:

This group of=20 high-powered policymakers of World War II and immediate post war period = were=20 known as the "Stimson-Marshall-Acheson Circle." They shaped America's = Cold War=20 containment policy against the Soviet Union and Communist China, = including the=20 involvement of the United States in the Korean War. It was also this = group=20 which, for better or worse, directed the postwar reconstruction programs = in=20 Germany and Japan.

Another influential member of Skull & = Bones,=20 Averell Harriman, was personally responsible for the sacking of Gen. = Douglas=20 MacArthur. It was Harriman, a banker, intriguer and former American = Ambassador=20 to Moscow, who convinced President Truman to fire MacArthur.

The=20 predominant role that Averell Harriman would play over the course of 40 = years of=20 postwar American policymaking underscores the fact that not all leading = members=20 of Skull & Bones share the identical policy outlook. While some = members of=20 the Stimson inner circle were critical of Harriman, whom they considered = to be=20 too personally ambitious (he was also a liberal imperial Democrat in a = secret=20 fraternity dominated historically by moderate Republicans), Harriman=20 nevertheless stands out as one of the Order's most active figures. The = fact that=20 he was a business partner and social intimate throughout his adult life = of=20 fellow Bonesman and Republican Sen. Prescott Bush Sr., the father of the = current=20 president underscores that point.

Henry Stimson died in 1950, = leaving=20 behind a core group of political offspring led by members of his old = secret=20 society, Skull & Bones. In the final years of his life he was = involved in=20 helping to shape a number of postwar government agencies which would = become=20 bastions of power and influence for the Order for years to come. Through = this=20 active role in shaping the key institutions of the Cold War era, Stimson = was=20 able to establish a continuity of power that would more than compensate = for the=20 fact that no single figure among his "kindergarten" emerged as a clear=20 successor, and that several, like McGeorge Bundy, would prove ultimately = to be=20 rather disappointing students.

The National Security Act of 1947=20 transformed Stimson's old War Department into the Department of Defense, = a=20 sprawling civilian bureaucracy which would in future years house many of = the=20 most important members of the Order. Robert Lovett, for example, would = become=20 the Secretary of Defense in 1950. The 1947 act also established the = Central=20 Intelligence Agency (CIA) as the permanent successor to the wartime = Office of=20 Strategic Services (OSS). In the early 1950s, the State Department's = Office of=20 Policy Coordination was merged into the CIA, giving the secret agency = total=20 control of America's clandestine operations. The National Security = Agency (NSA)=20 also was established, under the direction of the Department of Defense, = vastly=20 expanding America's signal intelligence capability.

Of all these = agencies=20 of the Cold War era, the CIA would stand out as a singular power center = for Yale=20 University alumni in general and Skull & Bones initiates in = particular. The=20 term "spooks," the well-known CIA term for a clandestine operator, was=20 originally Yale campus argot for a secret society member. According to a = recently published article in the Covert Action Information Bulletin, = there is=20 reportedly a "Bones club" within the CIA which helps promote the = intelligence=20 careers of members of the Yale secret society.

It should be = pointed out=20 that bureaucratic standing is not a real measure of power within the = CIA. Very=20 often, individuals in relatively insignificant positions within the=20 organizational chart wield tremendous clout and maintain access to the = most=20 sensitive information and policy. Thus, for example, the present U.S. = Ambassador=20 to Beijing, James Lilley, a member of Skull & Bones and a career CIA = man, is=20 being suggested to replace William Webster as Director of Central = Intelligence.=20 For Lilley to step in as director of CIA would at this moment represent = a=20 demotion for the senior field operator. It is, however, a demotion he = might=20 accept as a personal favor to fellow Bonesman and longtime intimate pal = George=20 Bush.

The predominance of Yale graduates inside the CIA is also a = part of=20 the Stimson legacy. During World War II, many Yale students and even = several=20 leading faculty members entered the OSS. The X-2 Branch of OSS, the=20 counterintelligence unit, was dominated by Yale students, as well as = Yale=20 English Literature professor Norman Holmes Pearson. One of the Yale men = in X-2,=20 James Jesus Angleton, went on to a legendary career as director of the = CIA's=20 counterintelligence staff.

Yale Skull & Bonesman and Stimson=20 "Kindergartener" William Bundy assumed a senior post at CIA during the = 1950s, as=20 did Yale graduates Richard Bissell and Cord Meyer and Yale professor = Sherman=20 Kent.


VIETNAM: THE = BONESMEN'S=20 DEBACLE

According to author David Halberstam's=20 best-selling critique of the Kennedy years, "The Best and the = Brightest," the=20 JFK presidency marked the high point of Skull & Bones postwar power. = But it=20 also marked the beginning of the secret fraternity's fall from the = position of=20 unchallenged power, and the beginning of America's precipitous decline = as a=20 world power. All these factors are summed up in one word: = Vietnam.

John=20 Fitzgerald Kennedy's Cabinet was largely handpicked by Skull & Bones = elder=20 statesman Robert Lovett, who was personally approached by Joseph = Kennedy, the=20 president's father, and asked to shape the direction of the new = administration.=20 Lovett had been one of the architects of the World War II industrial=20 mobilization under President Franklin Roosevelt, which helped bring the = United=20 States out of the Great Depression. He had been a factional opponent of = Averell=20 Harriman within the Skull & Bones circles, initially opposing the = Cold War=20 containment doctrine and pushing the idea of Atoms for Peace during the = early=20 years of the Eisenhower presidency (l952-1960).

Kennedy had = personally=20 asked Lovett to join his Cabinet, but Lovett, a partner in Brown = Brothers=20 Harriman, preferred to shun formal government service. Instead, he = placed a=20 number of younger Bonesmen into the critical posts. McGeorge Bundy was = appointed=20 Kennedy's National Security Adviser. Averell Harriman was made Under = Secretary=20 of State for Asian Affairs, a position that placed him in charge of many = of the=20 most critical decisions along the way to disaster in Vietnam. William = Bundy=20 remained in a senior post at CIA.

The decision to escalate the = American=20 military involvement in Vietnam -- a rejection of Gen. Douglas = MacArthur's=20 prophetic warning that the United States should never engage in a ground = war in=20 Asia -- was made by members of the Order. According to some accounts, = President=20 Kennedy began to have serious second thoughts about escalating the war,=20 particularly after several private Oval Office discussions with=20 MacArthur.

With Kennedy's assassination, American soldiers began = pouring=20 into Southeast Asia. Harriman remained a fixture of Vietnam policy under = President Lyndon Baines Johnson. McGeorge Bundy remained on as LBJ's = National=20 Security Adviser untill , when he left government service to assume the=20 presidency of the Ford Foundation, the largest tax-exempt philanthropic = agency=20 in the United States. The Ford Foundation annually dispenses of nearly = $3=20 billion in grants.

In his capacity as president of the Ford = Foundation,=20 Bundy helped finance the anti-Vietnam War movement. The National Student = Mobilization Committee, the umbrella group for the entire New Left of = the late=20 1960s and early 1970s, was led by David Dellinger, a Yale graduate. = Episcopal=20 Church activist William Sloan Coffin, a Bonesman, a second leading = figure in the=20 anti-war protest movement, had previously served as a CIA = officer.

Thus,=20 the Order had its hands in two critical elements of the policy debacle = of the=20 second half of the 1960s. Some leading Bonesmen helped shape the = disastrous=20 limited war strategy in Vietnam, while other members of the Order, at = least=20 tacitly, contributed to the growth of the drug-rock-sex counterculture = by=20 nourishing the New Left soil from which it sprang.

As a result of = the=20 Vietnam debacle, the "Stimson Kindergarten" literally drove itself out = of the=20 corridors of power which it had occupied without challenge for the = previous 20=20 years. With the election of Richard Nixon as president of the United = States in=20 November 1968, a different team came into prominence. The politics of = that team=20 were personified by Henry A. Kissinger, Nixon's National Security = Adviser and=20 Secretary of State.

In a May 1982 speech in London at the Chatham = House=20 headquarters of the Royal Institute for International Affairs, Kissinger = boasted=20 that he was an enthusiastic follower of the late British Prime Minister = Winston=20 Churchill, and that throughout his years in senior government posts = under=20 Presidents Nixon and Gerald Ford (1974-1976), he had always consulted = more=20 frequently with his counterparts in the British Foreign Office than he = had with=20 officials of his own government.

Although Kissinger had enjoyed = early=20 patronage from McGeorge Bundy, when the Bonesman was Dean of Harvard = University=20 and Kennedy's NSC adviser, the Kissinger era marked a low point in Skull = &=20 Bones' government power. The Central Intelligence Agency, a hub of the = Order's=20 clout, was decimated by scandals that only compounded the damage done to = the=20 Agency as the result of its role in the Vietnam = disaster.

According to=20 some respected writers, for example, Jim Hougan, author of "Secret = Agenda," the=20 CIA attempted to reverse the route by helping to bring down Richard = Nixon in=20 Watergate. There is significant evidence to bolster some of these=20 accounts.

When Gerald Ford became president in August 1974 = following=20 Nixon's resignation, Skull & Bones made a brief comeback. In what = came to be=20 known as the "Saturday Night Massacre," Ford, in the autumn of 1975, = removed=20 Henry Kissinger from his post as NSC Adviser, replacing him with Gen. = Brent=20 Scowcroft. Kissinger ally James Schlesinger was fired as Secretary of = Defense=20 and replaced by Donald Rumsfeld. And CIA Director William Colby, who had = dueled=20 with Angleton, was fired and replaced by Skull & Bones member George = Bush.

If these maneuvers were intended to be the first step in a = more=20 ambitious comeback by the WASP warrior faction, the plan was = short-circuited=20 with the election in November 1976 of Jimmy Carter as president. It = would really=20 not be until the inauguration of George Bush as president in January = 1989 -- a=20 dozen years later -- that Skull & Bones would resurface with the = same degree=20 of governmental power that it had enjoyed during the Stimson years. = George=20 Bush's selection as Ronald Reagan's vice presidential running mate in = the 1980=20 and 1984 elections was the transition back to that power.

Many = things had=20 gone wrong in the years since Vietnam to drive the Bonesmen off the = center=20 stage. With more than a little input from Bonesmen like McGeorge Bundy = and=20 Averell Harriman, the United States had gone into a period of = scientific,=20 technological and industrial retreat. The Nixon decision on August 15, = 1971 to=20 remove the dollar from a fixed, gold-backed exchange rate system, had = triggered=20 a move toward double-digit inflation, urban decay, rising unemployment = and=20 soaring interest rates. The Kissinger-orchestrated Iranian-Middle East = oil=20 crisis in the early 1970s had contributed to a rate of = deindustrialization that=20 ultimately transformed the United State from the biggest creditor nation = in the=20 world to the world's biggest debtor nation. According to estimates = compiled=20 around the time of George Bush's inauguration as president, the total = U.S.=20 internal indebtedness had skyrocketed to more than $12=20 trillion.

Moreover, the period of the 1970s and 1980s had given = rise to a=20 new and powerful political-financial combination demanding a share of = government=20 clout. This new grouping, with its principle power bases in the U.S. = Congress,=20 in Hollywood and on Wall Street, was known as the Zionist = lobby.

Although=20 Jewish names had been prominent in the legal profession and on Wall = Street since=20 the founding of the American republic, in the aftermath of the 1967 = Six-Day War=20 between Israel and her Arab neighbors, Zionist power took on a whole = different=20 proportion. Again, Henry Kissinger's position in the Nixon = administration=20 symbolized the fact that the pro-Israel lobby had moved in with a = vengeance to=20 the corridors of power in the nation's capital. Even on Wall Street the = 1970s=20 and 1980s had seen a new generation of Jewish financiers come into = power,=20 replacing their more cultured and Anglicized predecessors. The WASP=20 Establishment had developed a tolerance of and working relationship with = the=20 largely German Jewish bankers known among themselves as "Our Crowd." The = new=20 upstart Wall Street Zionists, however, were viewed by the WASPs as a = collection=20 of gangsters.

If the Skull & Bonesmen needed a legitimate=20 justification for reviving their ever-present dislike of the East = European=20 Ashkenazic Jews, the Wall Street Zionists who became known as the = so-called "New=20 Crowd" provided them with all the excuses necessary. When Jonathan Jay = Pollard,=20 a Naval intelligence analyst, was arrested in November 1985 and charged = with=20 spying for Israel against the United States, there was a resurgence of = more=20 unabashed antisemitism among the Bonesmen and their blueblood upperclass = mates.=20 It has since become a hallmark of the Bush White House. Even when = practical=20 political affairs have demanded that the Bush administration deal with = the=20 American Zionist lobby or the right-wing Shamir government of Israel, = there has=20 been a distinctive undertone of distrust bordering on overt=20 hostility.


BUSH IN=20 PROFILE

Unlike Averell Harriman, who reportedly = coveted=20 personal political power and drew sharp criticism from some of his = fellow=20 Bonesmen, George Bush has been a long-term "project" of Skull & = Bones. The=20 Bush presidency in real and symbolic terms represents the effort by the = Order to=20 restore the lost spirit of the WASP warrior Henry Stimson. With the = passage of=20 time and the decay of the WASP elite, the Bush presidency may yet prove = to be a=20 tragic replay of past American dreams.

George Bush's career was = sponsored=20 every step of the way by Skull & Bones members, mostly of his = father's=20 generation. Prescott Bush (Skull & Bones Class of 1917), a Brown = Brothers=20 Harriman partner who would serve one term in Congress as senator from=20 Connecticut, sent George to the traditional private preparatory school, = Phillips=20 Academy in Andover, New Hampshire, which grooms young New England = squires for=20 later studies at Yale.

It was while finishing his prep school = training at=20 Andover that Bush was first exposed to Henry Stimson. Reportedly, = Stimson=20 delivered a stirring patriotic speech to the Phillips student body in = l940=20 arguing forcefully for American intervention in the war in Europe. = Ironically,=20 at that very moment on the Yale campus, the majority of Skull & = Bonesmen=20 were leading the America First movement, which opposed any such U.S.=20 entanglement in Europe.

When war with Japan broke out a year = later,=20 George Bush enlisted in the Navy and was trained as a pilot. He flew = more than=20 50 missions before being shot down in the Pacific. At Yale after the = war, Bush=20 captained the baseball team and followed his father's footsteps into the = Order.

Political legends have it that George Bush shunned his = family's=20 patronage and went off on his own to launch a business career as an oil=20 wildcatter, or speculator, in Texas. Nothing could be farther from the = truth.=20 Bush moved to Texas to work for Dresser Industries selling oil drilling=20 equipment. The job was arranged for him by his father with Dresser = president=20 Neil Mallon, who was a fellow member of Skull & Bones. Desser, = according to=20 several sources, had close ties with the CIA.

After a few years = with=20 Dresser, George Bush set up his own company, Zapata Oil, to explore new = oil=20 fields in Texas and Mexico. Again, Bush was heavily backed by member of = his=20 family. Uncle George Herbert Walker, also a Skull & Bonesman, put up = a large=20 amount of capital, as did Brown Brothers Harriman. Lazard Brothers, a = Jewish=20 brokerage house with longstanding friendly ties to the New England = WASPs, put up=20 some money as well, at the urging of Andre Meyer, the owner of the = Washington=20 Post Corporation and the father of the current Post publisher Kathanne = Graham.=20 Zapata Oil sunk the first offshore well for the Kuwaiti = government.

Even=20 with that kind of backing, George Bush was less than a success as a = businessman.=20 In 1964, a longtime Bush friend, William Farrish III of Scotland, bought = the=20 majority of shares in Zapata for $3.2 million to keep the business = afloat, while=20 George, in a major career shift, ran for U.S. Congress from a wealthy = district=20 in Houston, Texas. He won.

During his three terms in Congress = (Bush lost=20 the 1970 Senate race to Lloyd Bentsen), George Bush distinguished = himself as an=20 advocate of zero population growth and a defender of the eugenics = movement. Both=20 of these positions, radical for their day, were probably the result of = Bush's=20 close friendship with William Draper Jr. -- a fellow Bonesman and a = longtime=20 advocate of population reduction schemes in the Third World.

The = 1970s=20 were for George Bush years of grooming in high-level politics and = foreign=20 policy. During the Nixon re-election campaign of 1972, George Bush was = the=20 chairman of the Republican National Committee. He later joined the = chorus=20 calling for Nixon's resignation. After a tour as the U.S. Ambassador to = the=20 United Nations, Bush was sent off to Communist China as the Chief = Liaison=20 Officer prior to the formalization of diplomatic relations. Bush shared = the=20 Beijing experience with Winston Lord, a fellow Skull & Bones member = who was=20 the CIA station chief. Lord went on to become president of the New York = Council=20 on Foreign Relations (CFR) in 1983. (The Lord family founded the city of = Hartford, Connecticut, has a large number of Skull & Bones members = on its=20 family tree, and set up one of the most powerful old-line Wall Street = law firms,=20 Lord Day Lord.) In 1975, George Bush completed his "grooming" with a = brief stint=20 as Gerald Ford's CIA director.

In 1980, Bush ran a short-lived = campaign=20 against Ronald Reagan for the Republican Party's presidential = nomination. Future=20 running mate Reagan cut short Bush's 1980 presidential hopes by = defeating him=20 soundly in the primary election in New Hampshire, in the heart of New = England.=20 Reagan blasted Bush for his membership in the internationalist = Trilateral=20 Commission, which had attained notoriety because 20 members of the = unpopular=20 Carter administration had served on the commission. Bush's campaign was=20 otherwise noteworthy because a significant number of his campaign = volunteers=20 were CIA officials; his campaign organization was directed by six top = Agency and=20 Pentagon retirees.


THE = ORDER'S=20 NETWORK

With Bush in the White House, the WASP=20 Establishment is seeking to re-conquer lost territory, not only within = the=20 domain of national politics, but within the financial community, the = legal=20 profession and big business. A struggle between some elements of the = WASP crowd=20 and the Jewish "New Crowd" on Wall Street has been playing out in the = newspapers=20 and federal courts for the past six years, beginning with the criminal=20 indictments of junk bond dealers Ivan Boesky and Michael Milken and the=20 bankrupting and criminal prosecuting of the powerful Zionist-run = brokerage house=20 Drexel Rurnham Lambert.

To some extent these wars reflect the = kind of=20 scramble that always takes place during a financial crisis and shakeout, = when=20 certain formerly powerful financial institutions are wiped out and = others profit=20 from their rivals' adversity. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, = the=20 House of Morgan came out on top. Not coincidentally, Morgan Guaranty = Trust and=20 Morgan Stanley have been cornerstones of the Skull & Bones grouping = on Wall=20 Street since their founding during the last century. Founding partner = Harold=20 Stanley was a Bonesman.

One hub of the Order's postwar economic = power,=20 the major multinational oil corporations, have clearly benefited greatly = from=20 President Bush's "charming little colonial war" in the Persian Gulf. The = leading=20 oil companies which are linked to the Order are: Standard Oil Trust = Corporation,=20 Shell Oil of America, Creole Petroleum Corporation and Pennzoil = Corporation. The=20 founder and present chairman of the board of Pennzoil started out in the = oil=20 business in partnership with George Bush in Zapata Oil. It is = interesting to=20 note in the context of the Bonesmen's deep involvement in the world = petroleum=20 business that George Bush, during his early days as a Texas oilman, had = worked=20 closely with the Kuwaitis.

Eight major Wall Street and = Washington, D.C.=20 law firms stand out as practically wholly-owned subsidiaries of the = Order of=20 Skull & Bones. Each of these firms was founded by members of the = Order, and=20 each of these firms continues to provide up-and-coming Order initiates = in the=20 legal community with training, credentials and connections. A review of = the=20 major corporate clients of these firms would reveal many of the most = powerful=20 companies among the Fortune 500.

The Skull & Bones law firms=20 are:

In addition to = their=20 corporate clientele and their direct involvement in government through = the=20 frequent appointment of partners to Cabinet posts, these firms also = specialize=20 in handling the personal financial affairs and investment portfolios of = the=20 leading WASP families. In this respect, the Skull & Bones-centered = WASP=20 Establishment imitates the Venetian model. During the height of power of = Venice,=20 which was the trading capital of the Byzantine Empire, the leading = families used=20 their personal wealth to establish insurance companies, family funds and = cultural programs through which they extended their political=20 power.

Today, the prominent law firms listed above play a special = role in=20 directing the affairs of the leading tax-exempt foundations which shape = the=20 culture and public opinion of the United States and many foreign = countries. We=20 have already seen that McGeorge Bundy, a leading Bonesman, left his = position as=20 National Security Adviser to President Lyndon Johnson in 1966 to assume = the=20 presidency of the Ford Foundation. During the nearly two decades that = Bundy=20 spent directing the $3 billion tax-exempt fund, he arguably wielded more = power=20 than he did during his six years as the National Security Adviser to two = presidents. Under the Bundy reign the Ford Foundation spent hundreds of = millions=20 of dollars to launch the environmentalist movement and funded scores of = projects=20 devoted to population reduction in the Third World.

From its = early=20 decades, the Order has concentrated much of its efforts at establishing, = controlling and, in some instances, capturing the major tax-exempt = philanthropic=20 foundations of America. The Russell Sage Foundation, which specializes = in=20 "social control" programs, was founded by Bonesmen. Among the leading = functions=20 of the Russell Sage Foundation today is the maintaining of a centralized = tracking of the finances of all the large tax-exempt foundations in the = United=20 States. The Peabody Foundation, the Slater Foundation and several of the = Rockefeller foundations were all either started by members of the Order = or have=20 been dominated by Bonesmen from their inception. Other major family = funds, like=20 the Ford Foundation and the Carnegie Endowment, were wrestled from = family=20 control by the Skull & Bones apparatus. During the tenure of = McGeorge Bundy,=20 two members of the Ford family resigned from the Ford Foundation in = disgust over=20 the direction in which Bundy had taken the philanthropic agency. =


THE NEW WORLD = ORDER

Between=20 1983-1986, the British-born conspiracy theorist Antony Sutton wrote a = series of=20 pamphlets about the Order of Skull & Bones. According to informed = sources,=20 Sutton was one of several historians who were provided with a large file = of the=20 Order's internal documents, including minutes of some meetings, = descriptions of=20 rituals, and what would appear to be a rather complete list of its = members from=20 its founding through to the early 1980s. The short pamphlets were = compiled into=20 one volume and published as a book in 1986.

For someone closely = following=20 the just-concluded Persian Gulf War and attempting to gain some insight = into=20 George Bush's performance during that largely orchestrated affair, one = recurring=20 theme in the Sutton volume stands out like a sore thumb: the New World=20 Order.

According to the Skull & Bones documents used by = Sutton in his=20 somewhat flawed profile of the Order, the creation of a New World Order = is a=20 primary goal of the Bonesmen and has been for decades. For the initiates = into=20 the Order, the term New World Order has a very specific = meaning.

It is a=20 world dominated by American military power and American control over all = strategic raw materials. Just as the Greek city-state of Sparta provided = the=20 Skull & Bones with the image of a WASP warrior caste, the Persian = Empire,=20 with its system of coalitions of satrap armies, provides the model for = the=20 Bonesmen's New World Order. The image of Secretary of State James A. = Baker III=20 traveling from foreign capital to foreign capital demanding military = legions or=20 chests of gold to finance the war for a New World Order is an image = straight out=20 of the chronicles of the Persian Empire.

According to the recent=20 biography of Henry Stimson, the man who inspired President Bush was = firmly=20 convinced that it was essential for America to go to war once every = generation=20 or so. It was, for Stimson, a spiritually cleansing process which = enables the=20 nation to rally behind a cause and overcome its weaknesses and = shortcomings in=20 one grand burst of military fervor. The romantic mystique of the = purgative=20 powers of combat is key to understanding the political philosophy of = Skull &=20 Bones.

Although America's Vietnam debacle remains a bitter memory = of the=20 Bonesmen's failure in war, the recent Persian Gulf conflict, with its = massive=20 overkill and the use of highly advanced weapons and technologies, is now = the new=20 glorious symbol of the WASP warrior caste's reincarnation. When = President Bush=20 vowed that the Gulf War would not be another Vietnam, he was speaking = first and=20 foremost to his fellow Bonesmen -- not to the American people. If such = thinking=20 smacks of dangerous fantasy on the part of a major world power in the = modern=20 era, it is indeed.

On a more practical political level, the Gulf = War was=20 a gambit to save the Bush presidency from a mounting pile of domestic = financial=20 woes, not the least of which was the savings and loan (S&L) crisis = and a=20 pending series of failures of major commercial banks. In the months = preceding=20 the Gulf showdown, the president's own son, Neil Bush, came under = intense media=20 scrutiny for his role in the failure of a large S&L in Colorado. = Neil's=20 photograph, testifying under oath before a congressional committee = probing fraud=20 among top S & L managers, became a familiar front-page feature in = every=20 major newspaper in America, threatening dangerous popular disillusion = with the=20 Yale Bonesman in the White House. With a U.S. federal government deficit = projected at nearly a half a trillion dollars for Fiscal Year 1991, in = large=20 part because of the S&L crisis and a shrinking business tax base, = the=20 Democratic Party majority in the U.S. Congress was pressing for deep = cutbacks in=20 defense spending now that the Cold War had ended.

On the = international=20 stage, the reunification of Germany, clearly the most dramatic event of = 1990,=20 posed new challenges to the Bush team. Germany was about to emerge as = the=20 dominant power in continental Europe by virtue of its advanced = industrial=20 infrastructure and its long tradition of independent political dealings = with=20 Moscow. Just months before the outbreak of the Gulf crisis, Germany's = Chancellor=20 Helmut Kohl had met with Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and signed a = long=20 term economic assistance pact. As a result, Gorbachev dropped all = remaining=20 objections to the immediate reunification of Germany.

At that = point, the=20 Bush administration changed its tactics. Previously, in sharp contrast = to the=20 Thatcher government in Great Britain, it had been nominally in favor of = German=20 reunification. But at the Houston economic summit of the Group of Seven=20 Industrialized Countries in the summer of 1990, the United States = blocked (with=20 Britain) Germany's plan of unconditional economic aid to the Soviet = Union.=20 President Bush took the position that the Soviet Union must submit to=20 International Monetary Fund requisites as a precondition for any = substantive=20 economic assistance.

In the Far East, Japan's continuing growth = in=20 manufacturing also posed a threat to Washington's desire to retain = superpower=20 status. If President Bush and his Bonesmen coterie were unaware of a = stunning=20 historical analogy, their British "cousins" were quick to pick up on the = parallels between the global strategic situation in July 1990 and the = identical=20 international situation that existed 100 years earlier.

In the = 1890s,=20 France, under the brilliant political leadership of Foreign Minister = Gabriel=20 Hanataux, was attempting to forge a Eurasian alliance with Germany, = Russia and=20 Meiji Japan. The idea was to link continental Europe with Japan and = China=20 through a series of large overland infrastructure projects, beginning = with the=20 Trans-Siberian Railroad. Through treaties covering key areas of economic = and=20 security matters, Hanataux hoped to create a zone of prosperity, built = on a=20 foundation of rapid economic growth and extensive trade.

Such a=20 political-economic common interest alliance threatened the imperial = hegemony of=20 Great Britain. At the turn of the 20th century, Britain looked to the = United=20 States (as its English-speaking ally) to join in sabotaging the Hanataux = plan.=20 Through the Spanish-American War of 1898 and the Russo-Japanese War of = 1905,=20 Britain and her American junior partner (by then led by Henry Stimson's = old=20 mentor Teddy Roosevelt) managed to disrupt the = French-German-Russian-Japanese=20 economic axis. Two world wars and the Great Depression were the = consequences of=20 that interference.


THE = PERSIAN GULF=20 WAR

It was against this historical backdrop that=20 President Bush, invoking the World War II imagery of his Skull & = Bones idol=20 Henry Stimson, went to war against Iraq. There is even speculation that=20 President Bush was personally instrumental in luring Saddam Hussein into = invading Kuwait, thereby provoking the American-led military response. = Many news=20 accounts have emphasized that a two-hour private meeting between the = president=20 and Margaret Thatcher in the Aspen, Colorado vacation chalet of U.S. = Ambassador=20 Henry Catto on August 2, 1990 helped finalize Bush's decision to = immediately=20 deploy military force.

Recently, an astute Japanese analyst drew = a=20 disturbing parallel between Bush and FDR, who was greatly influenced by = Stimson.=20 According to the writer, FDR lured Japan into World War II through an = intricate=20 series of economic warfare maneuvers which left Japan with little choice = but to=20 strike-back. In much the same way, said the analyst, Bush had lured = Saddam=20 Hussein into Kuwait in order to launch a new Gulf War that would have=20 consequences reaching far beyond Iraq and the Middle East.

As a = result of=20 the military victory over Iraq, the United States is in the process of=20 establishing a string of permanent military bases throughout the Persian = Gulf=20 and Near East. The oil sheikdoms of the region, led by Saudi Arabia, are = now=20 thoroughly dependent on the American military presence to ensure the = survival of=20 their regimes. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) = is=20 effectively captured by Washington. American bankers aided by U.S. = gunboats now=20 are setting world oil prices. Thus, one consequence of the Persian Gulf = War is=20 that the United States now has an oil weapon -- pointed principally at = Germany=20 and Japan. Ironically, America's two chief economic rivals have paid out = a total=20 of $27 billion to date to help finance a Bush administration military = adventure=20 which put the oil weapon in Washington's hand.

Another telling = example of=20 how the Order's man in the Oval Office intends to administer a crumbling = U.S.=20 domestic economy while imposing the New World Order on the rest of the = world is=20 to be found in the recent buyout of the majority of stock in Citicorp, = the=20 largest U.S. commercial bank, by Saudi Prince Talal bin Abdul Aziz. = Citicorp is=20 one of the major American commercial banks on the verge of collapse, but = which=20 is considered by the Bush administration and the Federal Reserve System = to be=20 "too big to fall." The stock purchase amounted to a Saudi Royal Family = bail-out=20 of Citicorp, using the increased profits being enjoyed by the House of = Saud as a=20 result of the massive jump in Saudi oil production since the beginning = of the=20 Gulf crisis in August 1990.

There points up a striking difference = between=20 the role of the United States in World War II and the Bush = administration's=20 handling to date of the Middle East crisis. During World War II, the = United=20 States went through a genuine economic revival. Skull & Bones = historian=20 Samuel Huntington described it as a "neo Hamiltonian" policy, a = reference to the=20 first United States Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. = Beginning in=20 1939, America became a major supplier of military and industrial goods = under the=20 Lend-Lease program to the European states fighting Hitler. At the same = time, the=20 federal government began issuing low-interest credits to revive the = nation's=20 manufacturing base which had been gutted by a decade of economic = depression. The=20 industrial buildup accelerated once the United States formally entered = .World=20 War II, leading to the establishing of entirely new industrial sectors, = such as=20 aerospace and petrochemicals.

This time around -- at least to = date --=20 there has been no such marshaling of the U.S. domestic industrial base. = Despite=20 moderate increases in the production of certain high-tech weapons = systems, the=20 U.S. economy continues its gradual slide into what could be a new = depression.=20 Unemployment is greater than at any point in the last decade. Some = sociologists=20 fear that the complete disintegration of America's urban centers could = produce=20 new race-riots as early as the summer of 1991.

The single = greatest=20 challenge to George Bush and the Order is: Can they capitalize on the = current=20 revival of the American spirit to reverse the disastrous post-industrial = society=20 dogmas, and launch their own version of the World War II neo-Hamiltonian = industrial recovery? So far, some doomsayers claim, it appears that Bush = and his=20 administration plan instead to direct their efforts at looting and = blackmailing=20 the rest of the world -- especially the gulf oil sheikdoms, Japan and = Germany --=20 into bailing out the bankrupt U.S. financial houses and federal = government and=20 financing the posting of American-led foreign legions at every corner of = the=20 globe where there are large deposits of strategic raw materials. If this = policy=20 is not altered, George Bush may soon find himself presiding over a new = disaster=20 that will make the Vietnam debacle appear insignificant in=20 comparison.

The politics of the New World Order appear to be = borrowed=20 largely from the pages of the decline and fall of the British Empire. = Political=20 columnist Patrick Buchanan, an early vocal opponent of the Bush Persian = Gulf=20 strategy, warned as early as August 1990 that the White House was = falling into=20 the trap of British "balance of power" politics, the very politics that = left=20 Great Britain on the scrap heap of world powers at the close of World = War II,=20 and put Winston Churchill, the architect of World War II and the Cold = War, out=20 of a job.

Since the crushing military defeat of Iraq by a = technologically=20 far superior American-led coalition, the Bush administration has = vacillated on a=20 postwar policy for the region. It has pursued a pragmatic power = balancing game=20 which is rife with potential problems. The two key elements of the = American=20 balance-of-power politics in the region are the preservation of a = weakened but=20 territorially whole Iraq to offset the other would-be regional-powers = Iran and=20 Syria. At the same time, it is tilting toward a nominally more = "pro-Arab"=20 position with regard to the Arab-Israeli conflict.

While the = harsh=20 reparations terms being imposed upon a war-devastated Iraq are probably, = in the=20 mind of Bush, aimed at dissuading any future regional military power = from=20 launching-cross-border aggressions, they amount to the slow, = excruciating=20 extermination of the population of that country. As one seasoned = observer noted=20 recently, earlier air wars had caused greater immediate losses of life, = due to=20 the inaccuracy of bombs and rockets, but had generally left basic=20 infrastructures intact. The precision bombing of Iraq's entire = infrastructure=20 has caused what a United Nations team has called an "apocalypse." The = greater=20 loss of life will occur in the aftermath of the combat as a country with = 16=20 million inhabitants is suddenly thrown into a "pre-industrial" state = with no=20 electricity, no water or other necessities. American humanitarian aid,=20 administered by occupying troops, will not offset this apocalypse -- = especially=20 if harsh war reparations and asset seizures deprive Iraq of the = financial=20 resources needed to begin a rebuilding process.

Regardless of the = fact=20 that the United States has not thrown the full weight of its military = presence=20 behind the overthrow of the Saddam Hussein regime, the shortsightedness = of the=20 present Bush policy may very well lead to a Lebanon-type protracted = civil war in=20 Iraq. Such a war could potentially spread throughout the = region.


IMPLICATIONS FOR=20 JAPAN

Throughout this short study of the Order of = Skull=20 & Bones, emphasis has been placed on the philosophy, the rituals and = the=20 modus operandi of the Bonesmen who have devoted their post-Yale careers = to world=20 politics. This particular emphasis was chosen in order to provide the = Japanese=20 reader with an insight into how the Bush presidency views the rest of = the world,=20 so that it will be possible for Japan to better understand what it faces = in the=20 post-Persian Gulf War strategic environment.

The implications of = Skull=20 & Bones domination over American policymaking under the Bush = presidency are=20 enormous. Japan must be prepared to meet what amounts to a fundamentally = new=20 challenge. Few of the postwar experiences in U.S. Japanese relations = will have=20 prepared the Japanese government and the leaders of Japanese industry = and=20 finance for-what they now face.

In the recent past, the policy of = Washington toward Japan has been simply to use political leverage, = mostly=20 related to Japan's regional security concerns, to exact compromises and=20 concessions in the economic and financial sphere. But the United States, = under=20 its policy of free trade, privatization of the monetary and credit = mechanisms,=20 and the transition to post-industrial service-oriented forms of economic = activity at home, has suffered a gradual but steady decline over the = past 20 to=20 30 years. Japan, meanwhile, has prospered under a more protectionist and = industry oriented policy.

In the past decade, Japan has been = increasingly=20 thrust into the role of scapegoat for the decline of American = prosperity, while=20 at the same time coming under mounting pressure to help finance the = United=20 States out of its economic mess. The pressures upon Japan to bail out = its=20 postwar big brother have caused tensions between Washington and Tokyo, = but the=20 Cold War had provided a common security interest that generally offset = the=20 occasional rough language.

Under the George Bush Skull & = Bones regime=20 at the White House all that has changed. True to the Bonesmen's credo of = constructive chaos and global political domination by the WASP = Establishment,=20 the United States is now out to dominate U.S.-Japanese relations with a = degree=20 of brutal frankness that will fly in the face of all previous American=20 sensitivities to Japan's honor. Gone are the days of former U.S. = Ambassador=20 Michael Mansfield, who always sought to maintain a public climate of = friendship=20 and cooperation between the two nations even when behind the scenes he = was=20 taking the toughest of stands on the most divisive issues.

Under = the=20 American-led New World Order, Japan can expect to be treated with far = less=20 respect publicly. It can expect that the Bush administration, including = his=20 coterie of former top CIA men now working directly out of the Oval = Office, will=20 be constantly interfering, covertly in the internal affairs of=20 Nippon.

This shift in style has held sway since the Bush = inauguration and=20 the subsequent appointment of Michael Armacost as U.S. Ambassador to = Tokyo.=20 Armacost has assumed the posture of a Roman pro-consul, dictating policy = to a=20 weak satrap, rather than to engage, in diplomatic dialogue. Armacost's=20 performance even before the recent events in the Persian Gulf = reestablished=20 American military might as the defining factor in world affairs -- = should have=20 provided the Japanese leadership with a clue as to the shift under way = in=20 Washington's new policy approach.

The Bush policy can best be = described=20 as a sophisticated containment policy. The new approach to Pacific = affairs was=20 telegraphed in the early days of the Bush administration when the = president=20 deployed three of his most trusted senior spooks to three critical Asian = diplomatic posts: Armacost was sent to Tokyo; Bush's vice presidential = national=20 security aide and former career CIA operator Donald Gregg was sent to = Seoul; and=20 John Lilly, another career CIA man and a fellow Yale Skull & Bones = member,=20 was sent to Beijing. The fact that three of the CIA's most experienced=20 clandestine field operators were assigned the senior diplomatic posts = says a=20 great deal about the Bush administration's intentions to conduct = sophisticated=20 political-warfare and sow confusion among the three major nations of the = Far=20 East. Bush clearly intends to pursue the historic Skull & Bones = mission of=20 extending America's dominion over the entire Pacific region. The idea of = even=20 paying lip service to equal partnership between Washington and Tokyo is = over, at=20 least for the time being.

The process of internally weakening = Japan's=20 resistance to this overarching domination by Washington's New World = Order began=20 with the Recruit scandal, when the Takeshita government was brought down = through=20 a U.S.-inspired secret intelligence operation. One of the primary = targets of=20 that operation was Yashuhiro Nakasone, the former prime minister and the = architect of Japan's post-1973 effort to develop independent ties to the = oil-producing Arab states of the Persian Gulf.

It is important to = understand that Bush's WASP warriors, while adopting a similar approach = of=20 non-compromise and domination over Israel and the Zionist lobby inside = the=20 United States, will not hesitate to use the Jewish lobby as an = instrument for=20 bashing Japan into line. Thus, Commerce Secretary Robert Mosbacher went = out of=20 his way to encourage the Anti-Defamation League's leadership convention, = which=20 he addressed last year, to join with the Bush administration in = pressuring Japan=20 to submit to American free trade demands.

The Bush administration = will at=20 times encourage the Zionist lobby and Israel to mercilessly attack Japan = and=20 will at other times severely criticize Zionist "insensitivity" to Tokyo. = This=20 will all be part of the Bush strategy to dominate the Pacific Rim by = playing one=20 country or faction off against another, using hard cop-soft cop and = other=20 classic techniques of the intelligence trade.

Japan will be = offered a=20 limited junior partner status in the New World Order, while coming under = mounting pressure to continue providing tribute to finance the American=20 imperium. Above all else, Japan will be forbidden from developing any=20 independent foreign policy toward its neighbors, the Soviet Union, the = Arab=20 world or anyone else. Such programs as the Global Infrastructure Fund, = to the=20 extent that they pose an alternative to the U.S.-dominated international = regime,=20 will be vetoed.

As a subservient junior partner in the New World = Order=20 arrangement, Japan's financial and economic muscle will be used as the=20 piggy-bank for U.S. imperial objectives. The $14 billion "contribution" = to the=20 U.S.-led Gulf-War coalition was another benchmark in the transition in=20 U.S.-Japanese relations, as was President Bush's abrupt cancellation of = his=20 long-sheduled state visit to Tokyo. When the chairman of the Liberal = Democratic=20 Party (LDP) attempted to visit Kuwait immediately after the gulf = cease-fire in=20 March l991, the U.S. State Department refused to grant him permission to = go into=20 the American-occupied territory. These intentional diplomatic affronts = should be=20 understood as telling signs of the new American-Japanese = relationship.

On=20 the other-hand, President Bush also suddenly scheduled a brief summit = with=20 Japanese Prime Minister Kaifu in Newport Beach, California for April 4, = 1991.=20 One purpose of the sudden meeting was to lay out clear parameters of = acceptable=20 behavior on the part of the Japanese government when the prime minister = meets=20 later in April with Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. Japanese Soviet=20 relations, like all other crucial Japanese foreign relations, will be = expected=20 to conform with those of the U.S.

An essential blackmail "stick" = that the=20 Bush administration intends to hold over Tokyo is-Japanese dependency on = Persian=20 Gulf oil. As-the result of the Gulf War and the post war American = military=20 occupation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and other-key oil-producing = sheikdoms, the=20 Bush administration will exert unabashed control over world oil supplies = -- and=20 prices. In the New World Order, Japan's oil supply will be increasingly = linked=20 to concessions on a range of monetary and economic issues, including the = Global=20 Agreements on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) talks, which broke up last year = as the=20 result of largely Japanese and continental European resistance to the = pure=20 free-trade system sought by Bush and Thatcher. Assistant Treasury = Secretary=20 David Mulford, a former senior official at White Weld Securities, Inc., = which=20 restructured Saudi Arabia's entire financial apparatus, has recently = announced=20 that he will seek to prosecute Japan for its violations of the GATT = regulations=20 that call upon Tokyo to surrender government control over interest rate = policies=20 to the international banking community.

The Bush presidency, with = its=20 ambitious drive for domination over former friends and foes alike, poses = an=20 unprecedented challenge to Japan. While this is neither the time nor the = place=20 to offer a solution to the growing dilemma, the profile of the men of = Skull=20 & Bones in this white paper should provide the Japanese reader with = helpful=20 insights into the nature of the American WASP warrior class and the = secret=20 society which spawned it.


Bibliography

"Bush Boy's Club: = Skull and=20 Bones." Covert Information Action Bulletin, Winter, = 1990.

Halberstam,=20 David. The Best and the Brightest. Random House, New York, = 1969.

Hodgson,=20 Godfrey. The Colonel: The Life and Wars of Henry Stimson. Alfred Knopf, = New=20 York, 1990.

Isaacson, Walter and Evan Thomas. The Wisemen: Six = Friends=20 and the World They Made. Simon and Schuster, New York, = l986.

"Membership=20 List of All Skull and Bones Members From 1833-1950." The Russell Trust=20 Association, New Haven, Conn., 1949.

Ranleagh, John. The Agency: = The Rise=20 and Decline of the CIA. Simon and Schuster, New York, = 1986.

Rosenbaum,=20 Ron. "Skull and Bones: An Elegy for Mumbo Jumbo." Esquire Magazine, = September,=20 1977.

"Skull and Bones: A Short History." Executive Intelligence = Review,=20 January 30, 1980.

Stimson, Henry and McGeorge Bundy. In Active = Service in=20 Peace and War. Octagon Press, New York, 1949

Sutton, Antony C. = America's=20 Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull and Bones. = Liberty=20 Press, Billings, Mont., 1986.

Winks, Robin. Cloak and Gown = Scholars in=20 the Secret War William Morrow, New York, 1987.


Some Prominent Members of Skull &=20 Bones:

William F. Buckley, Jr. (Bones = Class of=20 1950):
Founder of National Review, the leading conservative = magazine=20 in the United States. Brother James (Skull & Bones l944) is now a = member of=20 the U.S. Court of Appeals. William F. Buckley, Jr., former CIA officer = in=20 Mexico, also built the political grassroots conservative movement in the = U.S. in=20 the 1960s. President Bush and Buckley have recently split over Buckley's = strong=20 pro-lsraelism.

McGeorge Bundy (Skull & Bones initiate = of=20 1940):
Scion of the Skull & Bones Bundy family. Father = Harvey H.=20 Bundy was Skull & Bones, as was brother William P. Bundy. McGeorge = served in=20 the War Department during World War II as Henry Stimson's assistant and = later=20 became the National Security Adviser to President Kennedy. William Bundy = became=20 a CIA official and later served in key positions at the Departments of = State and=20 Defense. McGeorge headed the Ford Foundation (1968-1980) and William = chaired the=20 Council on Foreign Relations (1972-1983).

George Bush = (initiated=20 in 1948):
President of the United States. Comes from a = complete=20 Bones family. Father Prescott, a Bones initiate of the class of 1917. = Uncle=20 George Herbert Walker, Bones Class of 1927. U S Federal District Court = Judge=20 John Walker is also a relative and a Bonesman.

Alfred = Cowles=20 (Class of 1913):
Built the Cowles Communication empire = based on the=20 Des Moines (lowa) Register and the Minneapolis (Minnesota) Star and = Tribune.=20 These two newspapers play a significant role in shaping the early = presidential=20 primaries, especially in Iowa.

Hugh Cunningham (Bones=20 1934):
CIA man from 1947 to 1973. He served in top positions = in the=20 Clandestine Services, the Board of National Estimates and later as = Director of=20 Training.

Thomas Daniels (initiated in = 1914):
Founder=20 of the largest agro-business and grain cartel company in Minnesota --=20 Archer-Daniels-Midland (ADM). Served in the Foreign Service and later = during=20 World War II as head of the Fats and Oils Section of the War Production = Board.=20 ADM Corporation's new head Dwayne Andreas is one of the most powerful = figures in=20 U.S.-Soviet trade relations. Daniels's only son, John (Bones 1943), also = works=20 in ADM. The bank which underwrites ADM stock issues is the Morgan = Stanley=20 investment bank

Richard Ely Danielson (Skull & Bones=20 1907):
Past publisher of the Atlantic Monthly magazine, one = of the=20 leading magazines for seeing which policy line on a variety of issues is = coming=20 out of the Eastern Establishment.

Russell Wheeler = Davenport=20 (initiated in 1923):
Fortune magazine writer and editor, = made this=20 magazine the leading authority on financial matters in the United = States.=20 Davenport created the Fortune 500 companies list.

Henry = P.=20 Davison (Bones Class of l920):
Key senior partner in the = Morgan=20 banking and financial trust networks. His fellow Bonesman Harold Stanley = (1908)=20 founded the investment bank Morgan Stanley. Davison and his family = helped set up=20 the Guaranty Trust Corporation which became Morgan Guaranty Thomas = Cochran (1904=20 Bonesman) was one of the most powerful partners in the Morgan bank. The=20 influence of the Morgan banking system can be seen in its relationship = with the=20 hierarchy of U.S. intelligence. The head of the Office of Strategic = Services,=20 Gen. William Donovan, worked as a Morgan intelligence operative in the = 1920s and=20 prepared the intelligence reports for the Morgan banking concerns on=20 developments in Europe. F. Trubee Davison became CIA Director of = Personnel in=20 1951 and placed key Bonesmen in the right positions inside the=20 CIA.

Averell Harriman (1913 initiate):
Scion = of the=20 Harriman railroad family. His brother Roland (Skull & Bones 1917) = ran the=20 investment bank Brown Brothers Harriman. Averell was one of the most = powerful=20 members of the Skull & Bones fraternity, His government posts ranged = from=20 Ambassador to Russia during World War II and various State Department = positions=20 to chief negotiator on the Vietnam Talks. Confidential adviser to = Presidents=20 Roosevelt, Truman, Kennedy, Johnson and later Nixon and Carter. His = investment=20 banking firm is virtually a Skull & Bones bank=8Bnine senior = partners are from=20 Skull & Bones. President Bush's father worked in Brown Brothers = Harriman=20 after helping to merge several companies in the United Rubber = Corporation of=20 America.

Winston Lord (Bones Class of 1959):=20
Chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations (1983-l988). = Former=20 State Department official and CIA officer in Asia. China expert. Six = members of=20 the Lord family were Skull & Bones, including Charles Edwin Lord, = former=20 Comptroller of the Currency, Department of the Treasury. Oswald Bates = Lord=20 (Skull & Bones l926) married Mary Pillsbury of the Minnesota based = Pillsbury=20 Flour Corporation. Winston Lord is their son.

Robert A. = Lovett=20 (1918 initiate):
Put together the Brown Brothers Harriman = merger=20 and later organized the aviation industry mobilization for World War II. = Became=20 part of the most exclusive power group in World War II under Henry = Stimson.=20 Lovett was one of the five or six most powerful men in the United States = for=20 nearly 40 years until his death in 1986.

Henry Luce = (initiated in=20 1920):
Built the Time-Life publishing empire. Became the = leading=20 publicist of the "American century" doctrine.

Dino = Pionzio (Bones=20 Class of 1950):
CIA deputy chief of station in Chile during = the=20 overthrow of Chilean President Salvador Allende. Now works at the = investment=20 firm Dillion Read.

Alphonso Taft (initiated in 1833):=20
Secretary of War (1876), Attorney General (1876-1877) and = later=20 Minister to Austria and Russia. Co-founder of Skull &=20 Bones.

Robert A. Taft (1910 = initiate):
Speaker of the=20 House of Representatives (1921-1926) and Senator (R-Ohio). Leader of the = Isolationist movement in the 1930s. His son Robert A. Taft, Jr., also = senator=20 from Ohio, led the right-wing of the Republican Party in the 1950s and = 1960s.=20 Robert A. Taft, Jr., however, was the only member of the Taft family who = was not=20 Skull & Bones.

William H. Taft (Skull & Bones = 1878):=20
President of the United States (1908-1912) and appointed = Chief=20 Justice of the Supreme Court (1921-1930). Secretary of War (1904-1908). = Trustee,=20 Carnegie Institution. Part of the long line of Tafts who served in the = U.S.=20 government.

William Collins Whitney (initiated 1863):=20
Secretary of the Navy (1885-1889). Promoter of the Naval = Shipyards=20 and financier. Part of the Whitney family which sent eight of its = members to=20 Yale to become Skull & Bonesmen. Family intermarried with the Payne, = Harriman and Vanderbilt clans. The Whitneys became some of Wall Street's = most=20 powerful financiers through the Guaranty and Knickerbocker Trust=20 Companies.


Current U.S. senators who are Skull & Bones=20 members:

Sen. Jonathan Bingham=20 (D-N.M.).

Sen. David Boren (D-Okla.) is chairman = of the=20 Senate Intelligence Committee.

Sen. John Chafee=20 (R-R.I.); Former Navy Secretary and on the Senate Intelligence=20 Committee.

Sen. John Heinz (R-Pa.): Recently = killed in=20 an airplane crash. was a Bonesman as was his father. The Heinz family = has one of=20 the largest food-producing companies in the world.

Sen. = John=20 Kerry (D-Mass.): Formerly on the Senate Intelligence Committee, = Kerry=20 is now on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.


Selected Quotations:

-- During = the Cuban=20 missile crisis in October 1962, two Skull & Bones advisers to = President=20 Kennedy, McGeorge Bundy and Robert Lovett, met in the west wing of the = White=20 House to discuss strategy. According to author Godfrey Hodgson, there = was a=20 photograph of master Bonesman Henry L. Stimson, their mentor, on Lundy's = desk.=20 "All during the conversation the old Colonel seemed to be staring me = straight in=20 the face," recalled Lovett. Finally, he said to Bundy, "Mac, I think the = best=20 service we can perform for the president is to try to approach this as = Colonel=20 Stimson would."

-- At the Potsdam summit in 1946 when President = Truman=20 first met Soviet dictator Josef Stalin, Stimson told the president: "The = chief=20 lesson I have learned in a long life is that the only way to make a man=20 trustworthy is to trust him."

-- Commenting on the plan of Robert = Morgenthau, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Treasury Secretary, to=20 deindustrialize Germany after World War II, Stimson wrote: ". . . just = such a=20 crime as the Germans themselves hoped to perpetrate on their victims . . = . a=20 crime against civilization itself?" He added rather ironically that the = plan was=20 like "a beautiful Nazi program! This is to laugh!"

-- "They = possessed a=20 common background, common experience, and a common liking for old wines, = proper=20 English and Savile Row clothing," wrote the biographer of former U.S. = Ambassador=20 to Japan Joseph Grew. A top level diplomat and State Department = powerhouse=20 during the first half of the 20th century, Bonesman Hugh Wilson adds, = "The=20 Foreign Service [is] a pretty good club."

-- "These men helped = establish=20 a distinguished network connecting Wall Street, Washington, worthy = foundations=20 and proper clubs," wrote historian and former JFK aide Arthur = Schlesinger, Jr.=20 "The New York financial and legal community was the heart of the = American=20 Establishment. Its household deities were Henry L. Stimson and Elihu = Root; its=20 present leaders, Robert A. Lovett and John J. McCloy; its front = organizations,=20 the Rockefeller, Ford and Carnegie foundations and the Council on = Foreign=20 Relations."

-- British author Godfrey Hodgson stated in an essay = on the=20 American Establishment that it was "characteristic of these men to take = on the=20 burdens of world power with a certain avidity... It reflected a grim but = grand=20 duty that was a legacy from half-buried layer of New England=20 Puritanism."

-- Averell Harriman's father, owner of the largest = railroad=20 company in the United States at the turn of the century, told his son: = "Great=20 wealth is an obligation and responsibility. Money must work for the=20 country."

-- "I scoffed at Harvard's Porcellian club. It was too = smug.=20 But to get into Bones, you had to do something for Yale, wrote Averell = Harriman.=20 He would frequently return to the "Tomb on High Street." During the = Paris Peace=20 Conference on the Vietnam War, Harriman was quite upset about not being = able to=20 attend a "Bones Reunion." In the book The Wise Men, Harriman is = described as=20 willing to talk openly about national security affairs, but "he refused, = however, to tell [even] his family anything about Bones... so complete = was his=20 trust in Bones's code of secrecy..."

-- Stimson during the = liberation of=20 France in 1944 wrote about the need for France's reconstruction = following the=20 Nazi occupation of France: "America cannot supervise the elections of a = great=20 country like France. Consequently, we must eventually leave the = execution of the=20 State Department formula to the French themselves... where we ourselves = will=20 assume responsibility in part or more for its execution according to = Anglo-Saxon=20 ideals."

-- Stimson on Austria and Germany following World War = II: "They=20 [the British] haven't any grasp apparently of the underlying need of = proper=20 economic arrangements to make peace stick... If they restore Austria to = her=20 position in which she was left by the Versailles arrangement 25 years = ago, why=20 they would reduce her to a non-self-sustaining state [is beyond me]... = Central=20 Europe after the war has got to eat. She has got to be free of tariffs = in order=20 to eat."

-- Stimson was "opposed to a Carthaginian Peace" in = which=20 Germany was reduced to a non functioning society. He wrote, "The Ruhr = and=20 Saarland... [must not] be turned into a second rate industrial land . . = .=20 regardless of what it means to Germany... [rather] to the welfare of the = entire=20 continent "

-- In 1948, the debate within the U.S. government = over the=20 creation of the state of Israel was reaching critical intensity. = President=20 Truman was the "dark horse" candidate to defeat the Republican nominee, = Thomas=20 Dewey. Truman thought he needed the Jewish groups to mobilize in his = support in=20 order to get elected. He also believed that after so many years of = suffering and=20 persecution, the Jews deserved a homeland of their own. However, his = most=20 trusted foreign policy advisers, George Marshall, Dean Acheson and = Robert=20 Lovett, were, according to the book The Wise Men, "all dead set against = the=20 birth of Israel... However humanitarian a Jewish homeland might seem... = it posed=20 a real risk to U.N. national security. It was absolutely vital that the = U.S.=20 maintain its pipeline to Mideast oil. Supporting the Zionist cause would = only=20 antagonize the Arabs." Lovett said, "Israel was one ally too many = "

-- On=20 Japan, Stimson and McGeorge Bundy wrote their book On Active Service in = Peace=20 and War: "Since 1937, when the Japanese attacked China, Stimson had been = urging,=20 as a private citizen, an embargo on all American trade with Japan, and = this=20 attitude he carried with him into the Cabinet [when he became Secretary = of=20 War]." Stimson prepared a memorandum in 1940 pointing out how Japan had = yielded=20 before American firmness, in her withdrawal from Shantung and Siberia in = 1919=20 and her acceptance of naval inferiority in 1921. "Japan," Stimson wrote, = "has=20 historically shown that she can misinterpret a pacifistic policy of the = United=20 States for weakness. She has also historically shown that when the = United States=20 indicates by clear language and bold actions that she intends to carry = out a=20 clear and affirmative policy in the Far East, Japan will yield to that = policy=20 even though it conflicts with her own Asiatic policy and conceived = interests.=20 For the United States now to indicate either by soft words or = inconsistent=20 actions that she has no such clear and definite policy towards the Far = East will=20 only encourage Japan to bolder action."

-- On December 7, 1941, = Stimson=20 wrote in his diary: "When the news first came that Japan had attacked = us, my=20 first feeling was of relief that the indecision was over and that crisis = had=20 come in a way which would unite all our people. This continued to be my = dominant=20 feeling in spite of the news of catastrophes which quickly developed. = For I feel=20 that this country united has practically nothing to fear, while the = apathy and=20 division stirred by unpatriotic men have been hitherto very=20 discouraging."

-- On the decision to drop the atomic bomb on = Hiroshima,=20 Stimson wrote in an article for Harper's Weekly in 1947: "My chief = purpose was=20 to end the war in victory with the least possible cost in the lives of = men in=20 the armies which I had helped to raise. In the light that no man, in our = position and subject to our responsibilities, holding in his hands a = weapon of=20 such possibilities for accomplishing this purpose and saving those = lives, could=20 have failed to use it and afterwards looked his countrymen in the=20 face."

-- At the Truman White House in the presence of Secretary = of State=20 James Byrnes, Adm. Leahy and Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal, = according to=20 his biographer: "Stimson had argued consistently for a commitment to = allow the=20 Japanese to keep their Emperor, not because- with the memory of = Manchuria in his=20 mind=8Bhe had any special sympathy for him, but because only the Emperor = could=20 persuade the Japanese to surrender and therefore save American lives."=20


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